Tournament: 0Jesuit | Round: Quads | Opponent: The Wiki | Judge: TMac
2N - Emory
emory.apodaca@gmail.com
2A - Evan
eawinden@gmail.com

Tournament: KCKCC | Round: 3 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt WM | Judge: Sri Veerisetti

AI CP

Counterplan Text: The United States Federal Government should

fund research and development of artificial intelligence

develop a national AI strategy

develop AI using "human and machine teaming"

implement cloud, infrastructure, cybersecurity and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies

work with technology vendors to develop AI

Solves AI development

Meloni 18, Stephanie, Experienced Market Intelligence Consultant with a demonstrated history of working in the information technology and services industry. Skilled in U.S. Department of Defense, Analytical Skills, Government, Data Analysis, and Business Development. Research professional specialized in providing actionable and data-driven intelligence to shorten sales cycles, Immixgroup, 7-29-18, "How vendors can help DOD expand its AI initiatives," Defense Systems, https://defensesystems.com/articles/2018/06/29/insights-meloni-ai-opportunities-trends.aspx//EJA~~
As the Department of Defense starts looking at ways that artificial intelligence can modernize operations
AND
handle on how to map their companies' capabilities to the DOD's evolving needs.

AI is vital to US WMD Targeting that solves the aff's impacts – lack of effective AI forestalls completion

Erwin 18
~Sandra, Staff Writer at Space News, Sandra Erwin writes about military space programs, policy, technology and the industry that supports this sector. She has covered the military, the Pentagon, Congress and the defense industry for nearly two decades as editor of NDIA's National Defense Magazine and Pentagon correspondent for Real Clear Defense, 4/24/18. "Can artificial intelligence help U.S. SOCOM track weapons of mass destruction?", https://spacenews.com/can-artificial-intelligence-help-u-s-socom-track-weapons-of-mass-destruction/, Accessed 8/22/18 GBS-DG~
TAMPA, FLA. — Compared to the conventional military services, U.S
AND
National Geospatial Intelligence Agency analysts working full time at SOCOM headquarters in Tampa.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 5 | Opponent: BVW MM | Judge: Ross Fitzpatrick
CP Text: The United States federal government should 

- increase its funding for civilian agencies involved in foreign aid assistance and 

- close Guantanamo bay. 

Increasing funding boosts soft power
Epstein and Weed 9 (Susan B. Epstein Specialist in Foreign Policy, Matthew C. Weed Analyst in Foreign Policy Legislation. July 28, 2009. “Foreign Aid Reform: Studies and Recommendations,” Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40102.pdf KDES)
Enhance Resources in Civilian Agencies There is widespread consensus, both within the U.
AND
), monitoring and evaluation, human resources, procurement, and emergency response.

Their evidence indicates that the prisoners are the best way to solve executive overreach in ILAW
1AC Saito 7 (SME reads yellow) Natsu Taylor Saito is a Distinguished Professor of Law at Georgia State University School of Law (Natsu Taylor, “From Chinese Exclusion to Guantanamo Bay: Plenary Power and the Prerogative State,” pg. 8-12)  SR
As briefly outlined above, and described in more detail in the chapters that follow
AND
is silent; the question is whether we will be silenced as well.

Tournament: BVSW | Round: Octas | Opponent: LFS GH | Judge: Panel

Canada CP

Plan: The Government of Canada should substantially reduce entry restrictions, and substantially increase annual refugee admissions into the Canada, without regard to national origin and substantially fund the Local Immigration Partnership model and include the contributions of global stakeholders for refugee resettlement.

Canada's ability to provide leadership on resettlement makes it comparatively best – pluralism as soft power ensures global responses to refugees – resolves root causes of displaced populations and expands the definition of refugee

Stirk, 16 – Jillian Stirk is a former Canadian ambassador with more than thirty years' experience in foreign affairs and a focus on the intersection between human rights and peace and security. Until 2013, Stirk was Assistant Deputy Minister-Strategic Policy, Global Issues, and European Affairs at Global Affairs Canada. She is a Mentor with the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation, where she is co-leading a project on Diversity, Pluralism and the Future of Citizenship.
("Pluralism and Foreign Policy: An Opportunity for Canadian Leadership," Canadian Global Affairs Institute, September, 2016, https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/cdfai/pages/1085/attachments/original/1473704507/Pluralism_and_Foreign_Policy_-_Jillian_Stirk.pdf?1473704507, SRA)
Global migration is a long-term trend and an intrinsic feature of globalization.
AND
policy that would define who Canadians are and what they aspire to be.

Tournament: KCKSNCFL | Round: 6 | Opponent: BVW MW | Judge: Panel

CP Text: The United States Federal Government should:

Implement a carbon tax of 50 dollars per ton with a 5 increase per year
Add a rebate to low-income families
Return the revenue from the tax to reduce taxes on capital 

A carbon tax drastically decreases greenhouse emissions, boosts the economy, and isn't regressive

Chandler 18
(David Chandler, a physical chemist and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences and a winner of the Irving Langmuir Award. "Carbon taxes could make significant dent in climate change, study finds", http://news.mit.edu/2018/carbon-taxes-could-make-significant-dent-climate-change-0406**, SRatakonda)
Putting a price on carbon, in the form of a fee or tax on
AND
measure would go a long way toward reducing that impact, Reilly says.

Tournament: KCKSNCFL | Round: 1 | Opponent: BVW ST | Judge: Panel

Counterplan text: The United States Congress should exclude family members of EB and FB visa recipients from the FB and EB quotas.

The cp solves tech quotas and backlogs of the aff

Endelman and Mehta 13, Gary, B.A. History, Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Virginia M.B.A and Doctorate U.S. History from the University of Delaware (1978) J.D., University of Houston (1984) Summa Cum Laude, Cyrus, graduate of Cambridge University and Columbia Law School, is the Managing Partner of Cyrus D. Mehta and Partners PLLC in New York City. He is special counsel on immigration matters to the Departmental Disciplinary Committee, Appellate Division, First Department, New York;, 3-25-2013, "The Way We Count," Insightful Immigration Blog, http://blog.cyrusmehta.com/2013/03/the-way-we-count.html//EJA~~
Now is the time to change the way America counts green card numbers. Congress
AND
one unit, such needless separation of family members will never happen again.

Tournament: KCKSNCFL | Round: 1 | Opponent: BVW ST | Judge: Panel

Counterplan Text: The United States Congress should require the president to have the support of high-ranking members of Congress before launching nuclear strikes, repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force , require the drone program to have congressional approval, and require the NSA surveillance program to be monitored by congress.

The counterplan sovles better than the aff – nuclear launch capabilities are the largest internal link to presidential overreach

Heer 17, Jeet, Jeet Heer is a staff writer at the The New Republic who has published in a wide array of journals including The New Yorker, The Paris Review, and VQR, 8-12-2017, "Don't Just Impeach Trump. End the Imperial Presidency.," New Republic, https://newrepublic.com/article/144297/dont-just-impeach-trump-end-imperial-presidency//EJA~~
Trump is not just the heir to the Imperial Presidency; he represents a new
AND
the same, and put an end to the Imperial Presidency for good.

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 3 | Opponent: BVN BL | Judge: Curtis Shephard

Courts

Text: The Supreme Court of the United States should rule that the cap on EB-5 visas is unconstitutional.

Courts can solve the aff – Judicial review makes immigration reform better and checks circumvention.

Slocum '17 ~Brian is an Assistant Professor of Law, Florida Coastal School of Law. J.D., Harvard Law School, "Courts vs. The Political Branches: Immigration "Reform" and The Battle for the Future of Immigration Law," 7/21/17, d.m., Pacific McGeorge School of Law, https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1153andcontext=facultyarticles~~ EC
The concept of "reform" typically connotes an improvement, or at least an
AND
In short, the efforts of the judiciary have been largely underappreciated.

Tournament: KCKCC | Round: 3 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt WM | Judge: Sri Veerisetti

3

Text: The United States Federal Government should

End signature strikes

Limit targeted killings to a limited number of specific terrorists

Improve congressional oversight of drone strikes

Continue restrictions on armed drone sales

Work internationally to establish rules and norms governing the use of drones

Solves terror

Zenko 13—Micah is a Senior Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department's Office of Policy Planning. ("Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies" January 2013 http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736)//JLee
Zenko puts forward a substantive agenda. He argues that the United States should end
AND
States work internationally to establish rules and norms governing the use of drones.

Tournament: KCKCC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Andover Central CK | Judge: Lucia Scott

Text: The United States federal government fully fund foreign aid investment in developing economies that are vulnerable to refugee crises.

Foreign aid solves conflict, disease, terrorism, food and water crises

O'hare 17, (James O'hare s is an Editorial Intern at Global Citizen. Global Citizen is a movement of engaged citizens who are using their collective voice to end extreme poverty by 2030. 6-13-2017, "The Little-Known History of US Foreign Aid," Global Citizen, https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/united-states-foreign-aid-history-trump/)//JSemr
The term "foreign aid" is a misnomer, not because it implies anything
AND
aid programs have had unquestionably good effects — others, not so much.

Solves root cause of refugee crisis

Deva 17, (Nirj Deva is the Vice-President of the Development Committee., European Parliament. 6-15-2017, "Why there's only one real solution to the refugee crisis," World Economic Forum, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/06/the-real-solution-to-the-refugee-crisis-the-private-sector.)//JSemr
International development is not just about alleviating poverty; it is also about delivering security
AND
today, while securing new markets, business opportunities, and partnerships tomorrow.

Tournament: EKNSDA | Round: 4 | Opponent: SMNW GM | Judge: Panel

Counter plan Text: The United States federal government should devote all necessary resources to guarantee free tuition for students, decrease interest rates on student loans, eliminate a citizenship requirement for federal aid, and impose a tax on wall street speculators.

Solves Universities and creates a moral mechanism to educated US citizens and non-citizens

Sanders 16, (Bernie Sanders is an independent senator from Vermont. University of Chicago B.A. in Political Science. "It's Time to Make College Tuition Free and Debt Free,"  https://berniesanders.com/issues/its-time-to-make-college-tuition-free-and-debt-free/. 2017.)JSemr
In a highly competitive global economy, we need the best-educated workforce in
AND
make public colleges and universities tuition free and debt free throughout the country.

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emporia MR | Judge: Brenden Kearney

IVAWA CP

The United States federal government should pass the International Violence Against Women Act of 2015.

CP Solves global gender-based violence

Hart 2015
Christine Hart is a senior manager for policy and government affairs at Women Thrive Worldwide where leads the organization's work on gender-based violence. Chrissy represents Women Thrive as a co-chair of the Coalition to End Violence Against Women and Girls Globally, where her work focuses on efforts to promote policies and programs for gender-based violence prevention and response at the U.S. and U.N. levels to ensure that it reflects the realities and perspectives of women and girls on the ground. "Need for International Violence Against Women Act More Urgent Than Ever" May 09, 2015 https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/need-for-international-vi_b_6819980.html//dmr
An inflammatory interview with one of the perpetrators in the 2012 Delhi bus gang rape
AND
-based violence. Congress must pass the International Violence Against Women Act.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN KO | Judge: Brice Hansen
Text: The United States federal government should 

- increase its defense spending

- End signature strikes 

- Limit targeted killings to a limited number of specific terrorists

- Improve congressional oversight of drone strikes 

- Continue restrictions on armed drone sales 

- Work internationally to establish rules and norms governing the use of drones 

- The Secretary of Army, Navy, Airforce should develop targeted strategies for using its recruitment, training, and retention programs collectively to address key military physician gaps

- The Secretary of Army, Navy, Airforce should track complete, accurate, and accessible information on the qualifications, performance, and progress of Air Force AFHPSP medical students

- The Secretary of the Navy should use performance information to evaluate Navy accession program

- The Secretary of the Air Force should use performance information to evaluate Air Force accession programs

First plank Solves readiness – funding is the largest internal link
Kagan 16  (Robert Kagan, Ph.D. in American History from American University, M.P.P. in Government from Harvard University, B.A. in History from Yale University, and the Senior Fellow with the Project on International Order and Strategy in the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution. “Why America Must Lead,” http://www.bushcenter.org/catalyst/leadership/why-america-must-lead.html, SRatakonda)
Finally, there is the matter of American hard power. What has been true
AND
about addressing these challenges, should it be called upon to do so.

Second through sixth plank solve terror
Zenko 13—Micah is a Senior Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department's Office of Policy Planning. (“Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies” January 2013 http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736)//JLee
Zenko puts forward a substantive agenda. He argues that the United States should end
AND
States work internationally to establish rules and norms governing the use of drones.

The seventh plank solves doctors better than the aff – their evidence indicates 9 different ways
GAO 18 (United States Government Accountability Office, Report to Congressional Committees, February 2018, "Additional Actions Needed to Address Gaps in Military Physician Specialties", https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/690409.pdf)We are making the following ten recommendations to DOD:
The Secretary of the Army should develop targeted strategies for using its recruitment, training
AND
medical student performance to evaluate Air Force accession programs. (Recommendation 9)

Tournament: EKNSDA | Round: 5 | Opponent: SMW MW | Judge: Panel

The United States federal government should:

Substantially increase troop deployment to Afghanistan and Iraq,

Use troops to mentor and advise Afghan and Iraqi units to conduct more effective airstrikes,

Help the afghan government and Iraqi governments fight corruption through methods including but not limited to the establishment of an election oversight process to ensure and enforce upcoming parliamentary and presidential elections,

Institute military and economic sanctions on Pakistan until they agree to stop providing safe haven for the Taliban and cooperate on international counterterrorism,

Increase military strikes against Taliban safe havens in Pakistan,

And Mediate between Indian and Pakistani regional tensions.

Intervention solves faulty government – solves mistreatment and the root cause of the aff.

Allen and O'Hanlon 17 – John R. Allen, President of the Brookings Institute, Retired U.S. Marine Corps four-star general and former commander of the NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and U.S. Forces in Afghanistan, Former senior advisor to the secretary of defense on Middle East Security, M.A. in national security studies from Georgetown University, M.S. in strategic intelligence from the Defense Intelligence College, M.S. in national security strategy from the National Defense University, Michael E. O'Hanlon, Senior fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, Adjunct professor at Columbia, Princeton, and Syracuse universities and the University of Denver, Former member of the external advisory board at the Central Intelligence Agency, Ph.D. in Public and International Affairs from Princeton University, 2017 ("Trump made the right move on Afghanistan," Brookings Institute, August 23^rd, Available Online at https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/08/23/trump-made-the-right-move-on-afghanistan/, Accessed 9-25-18)
There is probably no secret recipe for victory in Afghanistan—at least no such
AND
small presence in Afghanistan for years to come, that is still success.

Tournament: 0Jesuit | Round: Quads | Opponent: The Wiki | Judge: TMac

Text: The executive branch of the United States federal government should:

Grant indefinite parole-in-place and portable employment authorization to refugees located in the Republic of Uganda with emphasis on Refugee Human Rights Defenders;

Not enforce the current restrictions on resettlement of refugees located in the Republic of Uganda with emphasis on Refugee Human Rights Defenders;

Announce that the parole will be continual, won't be revoked, paroles won't be deported and that parolees have the same worth as LPR;

Conduct a comprehensive media campaign to expand public awareness surrounding the new policy;

Grant the recipient of parole Employment Authorization Documents and prevent discrimination against EAD's through executive enforcement;

The CP solves.

Adam b. Cox and Cristina M. Rodríguez, 2015 —Adam B. Cox is the Robert A. Kindler Professor of Law, NYU School of Law. Cristina M. Rodríguez is the Leighton Homer Surbeck Professor of Law, Yale Law School.  ("The President and Immigration Law Redux" https://law.yale.edu/system/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/presidentandimmigrationlawredux.pdf) mba-alb
*edited for gendered language*
In our 2009 work, we identified three
AND
between the Executive and Congress in the implementation of a large new initiative.

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 3 | Opponent: BVN BL | Judge: Curtis Shephard

RandD

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for research and development in basic technologies and technological infrastructure for private sector American companies.

The CP is key to economic growth and resiliency – federal investment triggers private investment — if we kick it, it's becomes an alt cause to the aff

Keane 17 – Christopher Keane is Vice President for Research and Professor of Physics at Washington State University. "When the federal budget funds scientific research, it's the economy that benefits" Published July 26, 2017. Accessed 6/26/18. (http://theconversation.com/when-the-federal-budget-funds-scientific-research-its-the-economy-that-benefits-80651; EG)
Emergency: You need more disposable diapers, right away. You hop into your
AND
not even on our innovation map yet – may not emerge as quickly.

Tournament: BVSW | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lansing AC | Judge: Minha Jutt

RandD

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for research and development in basic technologies and technological infrastructure for private sector American companies, increase RandD funding for quantum computing and related applications, and devote all necessary resources to develop and integrate the Air Force's 31 Global Positioning System satellites.

The CP is key to economic growth and resiliency – federal investment triggers private investment — if we kick it, it's becomes an alt cause to the aff

Keane 17 – Christopher Keane is Vice President for Research and Professor of Physics at Washington State University. "When the federal budget funds scientific research, it's the economy that benefits" Published July 26, 2017. Accessed 6/26/18. (http://theconversation.com/when-the-federal-budget-funds-scientific-research-its-the-economy-that-benefits-80651; EG)
Emergency: You need more disposable diapers, right away. You hop into your
AND
not even on our innovation map yet – may not emerge as quickly.

Their ev agrees RandD is key to solving quantum computing

Erwin 7/15 ("Pentagon sees quantum computing as key weapon for war in space", 7/15/18, Sandra Erwin, writes about military space programs, policy, technology and the industry that supports this sector, https://spacenews.com/pentagon-sees-quantum-computing-as-key-weapon-for-war-in-space/)//SC
Michael Hayduk, chief of the computing and communications division at the Air Force Research
AND
field are handicapped by a lack of timely data and reliable communications systems.

Tournament: KCKSNCFL | Round: 4 | Opponent: BVSW SW | Judge: Panel

Turn – AI development by anyone collapses deterrence – leads to perceived weakness and arms races – causes nuclear war

Irving, 18 Doug is a communications analyst at the RAND Corporation. Irving graduated from the University of Oregon with a B.A. in Journalism/News-Editorial. His honors dissertation, "The People Knew," examined how major newspapers covered the events of the Holocaust., 4-24-18, "How Artificial Intelligence Could Increase the Risk of Nuclear War," RAND, https://www.rand.org/blog/articles/2018/04/how-artificial-intelligence-could-increase-the-risk.html, EJA)
The fear that computers, by mistake or malice, might lead humanity to the
AND
security, the researchers concluded. The time for international dialogue is now.

Tournament: KCKSNCFL | Round: 4 | Opponent: BVSW SW | Judge: Panel

Economic downturn solves war and doesn't cause it—-best data.

Clary 15 – Christopher Clary, PhD in Political Science from MIT, M.A. in National Security Affairs, Postdoctoral Fellow, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, 2015 ("Economic Stress and International Cooperation: Evidence from International Rivalries," April 25^th, Available Online via SSRN Subscription, AIvackovic)
Do economic downturns generate pressure for diversionary conflict? Or might downturns encourage austerity and
AND
detail, while also providing historical examples that these mechanisms recur in practice.

Collapse inevitable—transition is key

Wade 14, Jeffry S, Director of Environmental Division University of Florida college of Law, "Towards a Jurispredence of Sustainability In a Time of Transition", Veredas do Direito, Belo Horizonte, v.10, n.20, p.11-22, Julho/Dezembro de 2013, http://www.domhelder.edu.br/revista/index.php/veredas/article/viewFile/385/360, -ss
Despite widespread adoption of environmental laws, resource management programs and efforts at creating equitable
AND
, respect and cooperation (what might be called an "inhabiting mentality")

Growth causes runaway warming and risks global catastrophe

Millman '16 (Oliver Millman, "Nasa: Earth is warming at a pace 'unprecedented in 1,000 years'," 8/30/16, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/30/nasa-climate-change-warning-earth-temperature-warming)//PS
The planet is warming at a pace not experienced within the past 1,000
AND
accelerate what's known as Earth's "sixth mass extinction" of animal species.

Collapse coming now and solves

Pollard 16 (Dave Pollard, Dave Pollard retired from paid work in 2010, after 35 years as an advisor to small enterprises, with a focus on sustainability, innovation, and understanding complexity. He is a long-time student of our culture and its systems, of history and of how the world really works, and has authored the blog How to Save the World for over twelve years. His book Finding the Sweet Spot: The Natural Entrepreneur's Guide to Responsible, Sustainable, Joyful Work, was published by Chelsea Green in 2008. He is one of the authors of Group Works: A Pattern Language for Bringing Life to Meetings and Other Gatherings, published in 2012. He is a member of the international Transition movement, the Communities movement and the Sharing Economy movement, and is a regular writer for the deep ecology magazine Shift. He is working on a collection of short stories about the world two millennia from now. He lives on Bowen Island, Canada, A Complex Predicament: How Our Energy, Economic and Ecological Systems are Connected, http://howtosavetheworld.ca/2016/06/01/a-complex-predicament-how-our-energy-economic-and-ecological-systems-are-connected-repost/, 6/1/2016)DT
David Holmgren, one of the founders of the Permaculture Movement, recently stirred up
AND
somewhat reckless given the likelihood that many will be casting about for scapegoats."

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN KO | Judge: Brice Hansen
Fiscal and military overstretch create unique pressures for U.S. retrenchment now-~--the aff frees up resources, which causes more violent collapse later
Suri and Valentino, 16 - *Suri, Mack Brown Distinguished Chair for Leadership in Global Affairs at The University of Texas at Austin, professor in the university's Department of History and the LBJ School of Public Affairs, PhD in History @ Yale, MA in History @ Ohio U, AB in history @ Stanford U; *Valentino, PhD in political science @ MIT, BA in political science @ Stanford, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, Coordinator, War and Peace Studies Program, Dickey Center for International Understanding (Jeremi and Benjamin, "Sustainable Security: Rethinking American National Security Strategy," Tobin Project, http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Sustainable20Security20-20All20Chapters.pdf)
AN ERA OF CONSTRAINED RESOURCES Strategic crises are common and they rarely result in enduring
AND
been the experience for other government agencies under similar conditions in the past.

Retrenchment now is key-~--prevents proliferation, Trump lashout, blowback terrorism, allied entrapment, and attacks on bases-~--each makes heg unsustainable
Glaser, 17 - associate director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, Master of Arts in International Security at the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University (John, "Withdrawing from Overseas Bases: Why a Forward-Deployed Military Posture Is Unnecessary, Outdated, and Dangerous," Cato Institute, 7-18-2017, https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/withdrawing-overseas-bases-why-forward-deployed-military-posture)
Even beyond airstrikes, U.S. troops can deploy to virtually any region
AND
, but it is exacerbated by the physical presence of bases and troops.

Prolif causes global nuclear war-~--new tech and hybrid warfare undermine deterrence
Cimbala, 17 - distinguished professor of political science at Penn State–Brandywine (Stephen J. Cimbala, "Nuclear Proliferation in the Twenty-First Century: Realism, Rationality, or Uncertainty?," Strategic Studies Quarterly, Volume 11, No. 1, Pages 141-142, http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-11_Issue-1/Spring2017.pdf)
Conclusion
Realist and rational deterrence theories offer some important insights about international politics,
AND
, and about the rank order of major powers into yesterday’s news.39

Heg is ineffective and causes instability-~--no causal relationship with peace
Fettweis, 17 – Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane University (Christopher, “Unipolarity, Hegemony, and the New Peace,” Security Studies, 26:3, 423-451, 5-8-2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2017.1306394)
Conflict and Hegemony by Region Even the most ardent supporters of the hegemonic-stability
AND
lighter, more liberal cousin. Something else appears to be at work.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 5 | Opponent: BVW MM | Judge: Ross Fitzpatrick
The plan sets a precedent that shreds overall presidential power
Kenneth Klukowski 11, Research Fellow, Liberty University School of Law; Fellow and Senior Legal Analyst, American Civil Rights Union; National-Bestselling Author. George Mason University School of Law, J.D. 2008; University of Notre Dame, B.B.A. 1998, “MAKING EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE WORK: A MULTI-FACTOR TEST IN AN AGE OF CZARS AND CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT” 2011, 59 Clev. St. L. Rev. 31)
VI. CONCLUSION Most controversies between Congress and the White House over information are decided
AND
where confidentiality is not warranted, courts must ensure public disclosure and accountability.

Trump flexibility shores up credible deterrence—solves hotspot escalation globally.
Jakobsen, 17 - Associate Professor at the Royal Danish Defence College and a Professor (part-time) at the Center for War Studies at University of Southern Denmark (Peter Viggo Jakobsen, "Doomsday Cancelled: Trump is Good News for Allies and World Peace," War on the Rocks, 3-2-2017, https://warontherocks.com/2017/03/doomsday-cancelled-trump-is-good-news-for-allies-and-world-peace/)
Trump’s Unpredictability Deters Rival Risk-Taking That Schelling’s logic applies equally well to President
AND
in their efforts to settle differences with the United States and its allies.

Trump doesn’t undermine the grand strategy—institutional hurdles prevent complete abandonment.
Reich and Dombrowski, 18 – Simon, professor in the division of global affairs and department of political science at Rutgers University; Peter, professor of strategy in the strategic and operational research department at the Naval War College (“Beyond the Tweets: President Trump’s Continuity in Military Operation,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, May 2018, http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-12_Issue-2/Dombrowski_Reich.pdf)
Nonetheless, although operational circumstances may evolve over time, presidents generally inherit the same
AND
reinforced the natural tendency to be circumspect in instigating any major operational changes.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: MBA HP | Judge: Imran Makani
Automation now solves growth
Acemoglu et. al 17, (Daron Acemoglu, Department of Economics, MIT. Pascual Restrepo, Department of Economics, Boston University. "SECULAR STAGNATION? THE EFFECT OF AGING ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE AGE OF AUTOMATION", https://www.nber.org/papers/w23077.pdf. 2017.)JSemr
The rapid aging of the population of both developed economies and much of the rest
AND
and GDP growth as well as the channels via which this relationship works.

Immigration crushes automation
Krumins 17, (Aaron Krumins is a contributing author at ExtremeTech. "Is Donald Trump Accelerating Our Robot-Driven Future?", https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/256508-donald-trump-accelerating-robot-driven-future. 2017)JSemr
Plagued as it has been by technological and scientific illiteracy, few of Donald Trump’s
AND
and GDP growth as well as the channels via which this relationship works.

Automation causes smart manufacturing---solves warming
Beloe, 17 – Seb, writes @ WHEB, a positive impact investor focused on the opportunities created by the transition to a low carbon and sustainable global economy. "Sustainability, automation and the future of manufacturing", (http://www.whebgroup.com/sustainability-automation-and-the-future-of-manufacturing/)~~//MM
Robotics and wider trends around automation are rarely out of the news at the moment
AND
of things, industry can now look forward to playing this fuller role.

Extinction, turns everything
Cribb, 17 – Julian Cribb, Principal of JCA, Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, Former Director, National Awareness, 2017 (“The Baker,” CSIRO, Surviving the 21st Century Chapter 4, p. 91-94)
This event, known as the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum or PETM, happened
AND
extinction eventually”—Helen Berry, Canberra University (Snow and Hannam 2014).

Tournament: KSHSAA 2 Speak | Round: 6 | Opponent: Shawnee Mission South LP | Judge: Shane Billig

Automation is happening now

Acemoglu et. al 17, (Daron Acemoglu, Department of Economics, MIT. Pascual Restrepo, Department of Economics, Boston University. "SECULAR STAGNATION? THE EFFECT OF AGING ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE AGE OF AUTOMATION", https://www.nber.org/papers/w23077.pdf. 2017.)JSemr
The rapid aging of the population of both developed economies and much of the rest
AND
and GDP growth as well as the channels via which this relationship works.

Increased immigration dampens company's incentives to automate by providing a cheap substitute to machine capital.

Krumins 17, (Aaron Krumins is a contributing author at ExtremeTech. "Is Donald Trump Accelerating Our Robot-Driven Future?", https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/256508-donald-trump-accelerating-robot-driven-future. 2017)JSemr
Plagued as it has been by technological and scientific illiteracy, few of Donald Trump's
AND
and GDP growth as well as the channels via which this relationship works.

Demographic changes and skill shortages are forcing industries to shift toward smart manufacturing, eliminating the need for human capital – automation solves the 2˚ celsius threshold needed to avoid cataclysmic warming.

Beloe, 17 – ~Seb, writes @ WHEB, a positive impact investor focused on the opportunities created by the transition to a low carbon and sustainable global economy. "Sustainability, automation and the future of manufacturing", (http://www.whebgroup.com/sustainability-automation-and-the-future-of-manufacturing/)~~~~//MM
Robotics and wider trends around automation are rarely out of the news at the moment
AND
of things, industry can now look forward to playing this fuller role.

Extinction via climate change is inevitable – it's try or die for avoiding 2˚ temperature increase.

Taylor et. al, 18 – ~Matthew Taylor is an environment correspondent for the Guardian. Matthew Weaver is a reporter at the Guardian. Helen Davidson is a reporter for Guardian Australia, based in Sydney. "IPCC climate change report calls for urgent action to phase out fossil fuels – as it happened", (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2018/oct/08/ipcc-climate-change-report-urgent-action-fossil-fuels-live)~~~~//MM
The world's leading climate scientists have warned there is only a dozen years for global
AND
a political concession. There is a growing recognition that 2C is dangerous."

Tournament: KSHSAA 2 Speak | Round: 6 | Opponent: Shawnee Mission South LP | Judge: Shane Billig

Automation is happening now

Acemoglu et. al 17, (Daron Acemoglu, Department of Economics, MIT. Pascual Restrepo, Department of Economics, Boston University. "SECULAR STAGNATION? THE EFFECT OF AGING ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE AGE OF AUTOMATION", https://www.nber.org/papers/w23077.pdf. 2017.)JSemr
The rapid aging of the population of both developed economies and much of the rest
AND
and GDP growth as well as the channels via which this relationship works.

Increased immigration dampens company's incentives to automate by providing a cheap substitute to machine capital.

Krumins 17, (Aaron Krumins is a contributing author at ExtremeTech. "Is Donald Trump Accelerating Our Robot-Driven Future?", https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/256508-donald-trump-accelerating-robot-driven-future. 2017)JSemr
Plagued as it has been by technological and scientific illiteracy, few of Donald Trump's
AND
and GDP growth as well as the channels via which this relationship works.

Demographic changes and skill shortages are forcing industries to shift toward smart manufacturing, eliminating the need for human capital – automation solves the 2˚ celsius threshold needed to avoid cataclysmic warming.

Beloe, 17 – ~Seb, writes @ WHEB, a positive impact investor focused on the opportunities created by the transition to a low carbon and sustainable global economy. "Sustainability, automation and the future of manufacturing", (http://www.whebgroup.com/sustainability-automation-and-the-future-of-manufacturing/)~~~~//MM
Robotics and wider trends around automation are rarely out of the news at the moment
AND
of things, industry can now look forward to playing this fuller role.

Extinction via climate change is inevitable – it's try or die for avoiding 2˚ temperature increase.

Taylor et. al, 18 – ~Matthew Taylor is an environment correspondent for the Guardian. Matthew Weaver is a reporter at the Guardian. Helen Davidson is a reporter for Guardian Australia, based in Sydney. "IPCC climate change report calls for urgent action to phase out fossil fuels – as it happened", (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2018/oct/08/ipcc-climate-change-report-urgent-action-fossil-fuels-live)~~~~//MM
The world's leading climate scientists have warned there is only a dozen years for global
AND
a political concession. There is a growing recognition that 2C is dangerous."

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rosemount HJ | Judge: Michael Shelton
Anti-Immigration policy is key to Trumps high base support – the plan flips that
Malone 18, (Jim Malone VOA's National correspondent covering U.S. elections and politics since 1995, a VOA congressional correspondent and served as VOA's East Africa Correspondent from 1986 to 1990, began his VOA career with the English to Africa Service in 1983), "Trump Pushes Immigration as Midterm Issue Despite Controversy" June 28,2018 https://www.voanews.com/a/trump-pushes-immigration-as-midterm-issue-despite-controversy/4457382.html
WASHINGTON — As he campaigns for fellow Republicans, U.S. President Donald
AND
should help Republicans as they fight to keep their congressional majorities in November.
That causes him to tariff South Korea
Brands 8-23-2018 - Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Hal, “How Michael Cohen May Shake Up U.S. Foreign Policy,” Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-08-23/michael-cohen-will-shake-up-u-s-foreign-policy)
For Donald Trump, scandal at home seems especially likely to influence U.S
AND
so long as his base supports him, congressional Republicans will not revolt.
That collapses Korean peace talks
Byrne and Hubbard 9-18-2018 - *Adjunct Professor of International and Public Affairs @ Columbia SIPA, diplomat and former U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines and South Korea. Ambassador Hubbard was a principal negotiator of the 1994 Agreed Framework aimed at ending North Korea's nuclear weapons program, and headed the first senior level US government delegation to North Korea (Thomas and Thomas Hubbard, “Seoul searching,” Reuters Breaking Views, https://www.breakingviews.com/features/guest-view-trump-trade-war-threatens-korean-peace/)
President Donald Trump’s trade war threatens the possibility of peace in Korea. The U
AND
flimsy pretext of national security only complicates denuclearisation negotiations already fraught with mistrust.
Negotiation break-down leads to nuclear war
Gover 8-31-2018 -Assistant Managing Editor at The National Interest, fellow at Defense Priorities (John Dale, “America Needs Better Cooperation with South Korea,” National Interest, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/skeptics/america-needs-better-cooperation-south-korea-30137)
Further evidence of North Korea’s diplomatic effectiveness was seen on August 13 when South Korean
AND
to a nuclear war with North Korea or a dangerous confrontation with China.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Little Rock TK | Judge: Kevin Whitley
The aff Trump’s hardline immigration stance-~--it reverses his perception of strong base support
Fabian, 4-2 (Jordan Fabian is a White House Correspondent at The Hill, "Pivot to center? Not Trump," The Hill, 4-2-2019, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/436842-pivot-to-center-not-trump, accessed 4-6-2019, EJA)
President Trump is showing virtually no interest in taking steps toward the political center after
AND
conducted the NBC–Wall Street Journal survey with Democratic pollster Peter Hart.

Loss of core supports causes Trump to lash-out with nuclear weapons
Street 2016
Street, Tim. Senior Programme Officer on the Sustainable Security programme at Oxford Research Group and has worked for many years on the politics of nuclear disarmament and the arms trade. "President Trump: Successor to the Nuclear Throne," http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/briefing_papers_and_reports/president_trump_successor_nuclear_throne
With the former, Trump’s recent comment that he now has an ‘open mind’
AND
to widespread anger, confusion and unrest, both at home and abroad.

Tournament: KSHSAA 2 Speaker | Round: 4 | Opponent: Hutchinson OU | Judge: Ethan Eititus

Department of State visa applications are declining at an accelerating rate – prefer statistical analysis.

Toosi et al 18 – Nahal Toosi, Ted Hesson, Sarah Frostenson, 2018 ("Foreign visas plunge under Trump", Politico, April 3^rd, Available online at https://www.politico.com/interactives/2018/trump-travel-ban-visas-decline/, Accessed at 8/21/18, RKim)
The United States is granting fewer visitor visas to people from around the world —
AND
it includes immigrants of color ~and~ it includes people from Africa."

The plan overstretches and delays consular resources.

GAO 6 – U.S GAO, 2006 ("'Border Security: Reassessment of Consular Resource Requirements Could Help Address Visa Delays'", GAO, April 4^th, Available online at https://www.gao.gov/htext/d06542t.html, Accessed at 8/23/18, RKim)
Although we have not attempted to measure the impact of the time it takes to
AND
be necessary to ensure that visa applications are processed in a timely manner. 

Consular affairs focused on diplomatic activities are key to effective US diplomacy

Donna Hamilton 9, MA in International Relations from the University of Wisconsin, she joined the U.S. Foreign Service and served in consular positions in Bogota, Colombia; Mexico City, Mexico; and Thessaloniki, Greece. Other early assignments were as Chief of the Anti-Fraud Division and of the Systems Division in the Office of Visa Services. Later Mrs. Hamilton was Consul General in Lima, Peru and in San Jose, Costa Rica. She served in the State Department's Bureau of Consular Affairs as Deputy Executive Director, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Visa Services, and Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary in charge of Overseas Citizens Services, "The Transformation of Consular Affairs: the United States Experience", https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/20091200_cdsp_paper_hamilton_transformation.pdf
Consular programs, and the shift to more proactive approaches, have an important impact
AND
and the transformation of consular affairs in an integral part of that change.

US diplomatic engagement is key to solve a laundry list of existential threats

Kyl and Lieberman 15 (former U.S. Senator and former member of the U.S. House of Representatives, former U.S. Senator, "12/3/15 Jon and Joseph, "Why American leadership still matters", http://www.aei.org/publication/why-american-leadership-still-matters/)
US engagement abroad, however, constitutes far more than just military action. Military
AND
collectively underscore the need for more, not less, American leadership abroad.

Tournament: KCKSNCFL | Round: 1 | Opponent: BVW ST | Judge: Panel

SCOTUS will remain universally conservative now—-that sustains liberal backlash to the court—-BUT, the plan reverses it with a moderate decision

Stern 10-4-2018 - covers Court and law for Slate (Mark, "How Liberals Could Declare War on Brett Kavanaugh's Supreme Court," Slate News, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/10/brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-constitutional-crisis.html)
By all indications, Brett Kavanaugh is about to be confirmed to the Supreme Court
AND
frenzy of reactionary jurisprudence, progressives may feel they have no other alternative.

Liberal opposition prevents conservative overreaching and striking down liberal legislation

McElwee 10-1-2018 – co-founder of Data for Progress, credited with creating the political platform around 'abolish ICE' (Sean, "Opinion: It's Time To Go To War With The Supreme Court. Here's How." https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/seanmcelwee/time-for-left-to-go-to-war-with-the-supreme-court)
The Supreme Court is only as powerful as we allow it to be, something
AND
-control court is that Democrats may not be prepared to fight it.

Specifically—-they'd strike down the ACA

Litman 18 – JD, assistant professor of law at the University of California, Irvine (Leah, "Liberals and the Powerless Should Worry About a Kavanaugh Court," New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/10/opinion/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html)
The courts were never going to save our constitutional democracy, but that doesn't mean
AND
and from refusing to issue policies to people willing to pay for them.

Obamacare repeal would devastate the economy

Ku et al. 17 (January 5^th, 2017, Leighton Ku, PhD, MPH, Professor and Director of the Center for Health Policy Research at The George Washington University, Erika Steinmetz, M.B.A., is a senior research scientist at the Center for Health Policy Research, Department of Health Policy and Management at The George Washington University, Erin Brantley is a senior research scientist at the Center for Health Policy Research, Department of Health Policy and Management at The George Washington University, Brian Bruen is a Lead Research Scientist and Lecturer in George Washington University's School of Public Health and Health Services, "The Economic and Employment Consequences of Repealing Federal Health Reform: A 50 State Analysis," https://publichealth.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/downloads/HPM/Repealing_Federal_Health_Reform.pdf)
Repealing key parts of the Affordable Care Act would lead to major cuts in federal
AND
Repercussions would reverberate across all the states and most sectors of the economy.     

Economic decline causes nuclear war

Mann '14 (Eric Mann is a special agent with a United States federal agency, with significant domestic and international counterintelligence and counter-terrorism experience. Worked as a special assistant for a U.S. Senator and served as a presidential appointee for the U.S. Congress. He is currently responsible for an internal security and vulnerability assessment program. Bachelors @ University of South Carolina, Graduate degree in Homeland Security @ Georgetown. "AUSTERITY, ECONOMIC DECLINE, AND FINANCIAL WEAPONS OF WAR: A NEW PARADIGM FOR GLOBAL SECURITY," May 2014, https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/37262/MANN-THESIS-2014.pdf)
The conclusions reached in this thesis demonstrate how economic considerations within states can figure prominently
AND
on increasing diversification of foreign currency holdings, establishing alternatives to the dollar for

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Greenhill KW | Judge: Sean Duff

The court is broadly supported now, but we're on the brink – a controversial decision would flip the script

Nelson et al 17 (Michael, Eric Plutzer, and Michael Berkman, Nelson is the Jeffrey L. Hyde and Sharon D. Hyde and Political Science Board of Visitors Early Career Professor in Political Science and Affiliate Law Faculty at Pennsylvania State University, Plutzer is a Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University, and Berkman is a Professor of Political Science and Director of McCourtney Institute for Democracy at Pennsylvania State University, "In Trump's America, is the Supreme Court still seen as legitimate?", The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/in-trumps-america-is-the-supreme-court-still-seen-as-legitimate-84242https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2007.00098.x, 21 September 2017) JY
Regardless of the Supreme Court's decision, some Americans will agree and others will not
AND
or retirement, the court's membership might better reflect the recent political climate. 

Ruling on immigration and against Trump causes hyper partisanship and leads to losses in legitimacy that threaten judicial independence

Lithwick and Vladeck 17 (senior editor @ Slate; Professor of Law at UT Austin). Dahlia, and Stephen I. Vladeck. "The Dangerous Myth of the Judicial 'Resistance'." The New York Times, The New York Times, 31 Oct. 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/opinion/myth-judicial-resistance-integrity.html. DLuo
That scenario is an apt description of the challenges President Trump's "travel ban"
AND
partisan represents unhinged partisanship. Lawyers, above all, should understand that.

Judicial independence is key to check Trump and maintain democracy.

Gibler and Randazzo 17 (Douglas M. and Kirk A., Gibler is a professor of political science in the Institute for Social Science at the University of Alabama and Randazzo is a professor of political science at the University of South Carolina, "Can the courts protect democracy? Yes, but they need these three supports", The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/02/17/can-the-courts-protect-democracy-yes-but-they-need-these-three-supports/?utm_term=.89ee84f6c24f, 17 February 2017) JY
President Trump's executive order suspending travel for those who hail from seven primarily Muslim countries
AND
opinion in its rulings. Courts' political power comes directly from public support.

Democracy prevents all global conflicts – faith in American democratic institutions is key

Kasparov, 17 ~Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation, 2/16/2017 Garry, "Democracy and Human Rights: The Case for U.S. Leadership"http://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/021617_Kasparov_20Testimony.pdf~~
The Soviet Union was an existential threat, and this focused the attention of the
AND
having the exceptional courage to always try to be better. Thank you.

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 3 | Opponent: BVN BL | Judge: Curtis Shephard

1NC – Espionage

China won't rise now – lack of tech innovation means China won't reach military parity with the US

Stephen Brooks and William Wohlforth, May/June 2016, Foreign Affairs, "the once and future superpower," Ebscohost, mm
In forecasts of China's future power position, much has been made of the country's
AND
, as opposed to a merely a major player in its own neighborhood.

Visa restrictions are necessary to prevent espionage

Asia Times, 3/15/18, "white house eyes limiting visas for chinese studying in US: report," http://www.atimes.com/article/white-house-eyes-limiting-visas-chinese-studying-us-report/, mm
Politico Magazine cites two unnamed Trump administration officials as saying that the White House is
AND
it's in small ones, as well; it's across basically every discipline."

Academic espionage accelerates China's modernization by generations – it also independently turns the case by tanking American scientific innovation and economic competitiveness

Bill Priestap, 6/6/18, ~assistant director, counteri ntlligence division, FBI~ statement before the senate judiciary committee, subcommittee on border security and immigration; "student visa integrity: protecting educational opportunity and national security," https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/student-visa-integrity-protecting-educational-opportunity-and-national-security, mm
As of March 2018, more than 1.4 million international students and professors
AND
term loss of these advantages makes American schools and firms less competitive globally.

China's rise won't be peaceful – guarantees a US-China war

Peter Navarro and John Mearsheimer, 3/9/16, ~Navarro is a prof. at UC-Irvine and Mearsheimer is prof. at the Univ. of Chicago), Real Clear Defense, "Crouching Tiger: John Mearsheimer on Strangling China and the inevitability of war," https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2016/03/10/crouching_tiger_john_mearsheimer_on_strangling_china_and_the_inevitability_of_war_109127.html, mm
As part of the research for my Crouching Tiger book on the rise of China's
AND
limited conflicts in Asia over key flashpoints like Korea and the Senkaku Islands.

Tournament: KCKSNCFL | Round: 6 | Opponent: BVW MW | Judge: Panel
First off/Next off is the Farm Bill DA: 

Farm bill passes now—-it'll lean toward the Senate version—- but it's not inevitable

Erica Werner and Jeff Stein, 11-28 ("Lawmakers reach tentative farm bill deal after months-long impasse," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/lawmakers-reach-tentative-farm-bill-deal-after-months-long-impasse/2018/11/28/72089d48-f344-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html?utm_term=.de0ba1d30558, GrRv)
Key lawmakers said Wednesday they have reached a tentative deal on a massive farm bill
AND
. "Rural America needs certainty, and this would give them that."

The plan fractures the GOP and decks farm bill negotiations

Collins, 18 (Eliza, Congressional reporter for USA Today, Deirdre Shesgreen, "Immigration: GOP divide over issue could have far-reaching implications for Ryan, 2018 midterms," USA TODAY, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/22/gop-divided-immigration-midterm-election/632467002/, MSCOTT)
Still, Ryan acknowledged the immigration fight has driven his GOP conference into two warring
AND
bill because of its expanded work requirements for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. 

Solves global food security.

Flowers 18 ~Kimberly Flowers is director of the Global Food Security Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Kelsey Bachenberg was a junior researcher with the CSIS Global Food Security Project. The 2018 Farm Bill, Agricultural Research, and Implications for Global Food Security. April 4, 2018. https://www.csis.org/analysis/2018-farm-bill-agricultural-research-and-implications-global-food-security~~
This year Congress is expected to pass a piece of legislation that deeply affects the
AND
"both domestic and international research need to work together on common goals."

Most likely cause of great-power conflict.

FDI 12 – Future Directions International ("International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points Resulting from Food and Water Insecurity Global Food and Water Crises Research Programme", May 25, http://www.futuredirections.org.au/files/Workshop_Report_-_Intl_Conflict_Triggers_-_May_25.pdf)
There is a growing appreciation that the conflicts in the next century will most likely
AND
identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: MBA HP | Judge: Imran Makani
Plan ressurects the Fintech industry
Fintech Times, 18—Editorial Board; The Fintech Times is a multimedia news outlet centred around our print newspaper chronicling the latest developments in cutting-edge financial technologies including payments innovation, RegTech, banking transformation, AI, cryptocurrencies, WealthTech, Cybersecurity, Insurtech and many more. (4-30, "Financial technology industry calls for clarity on immigration policy as new research reveals potential for 30,000 new jobs," No Publication, https://thefintechtimes.com/financial-technology-industry-calls-for-clarity-on-immigration-policy-as-new-research-reveals-potential-for-30000-new-jobs/, GrRv)
FinTech sector highly dependent on global talent with 42 of employees from outside the
AND
gap, but we can achieve more if everyone collaborates with each other.”

Fintech growth causes a recession
Crosman, 18—Penny Crosman; Editor at Large at American Banker. Prior to taking on this role, she was Editor in Chief of Bank Technology News and Technology Editor of American Banker. She has held senior editorial roles at Bank Systems and Technology, Wall Street and Technology, Intelligent Enterprise and Network Magazine, among other titles. (9-6-2018, "Are fintechs a systemic risk?," American Banker, https://www.americanbanker.com/news/are-fintechs-a-systemic-risk, GrRv)
The fintech sector poses a growing risk to the financial system because it lacks the
AND
, security and other areas where a failure could bring a company down.

Economic decline goes nuclear
Mann 14—Eric Mann is a special agent with a United States federal agency, with significant domestic and international counterintelligence and counter-terrorism experience. Worked as a special assistant for a U.S. Senator and served as a presidential appointee for the U.S. Congress. He is currently responsible for an internal security and vulnerability assessment program. Bachelors @ University of South Carolina, Graduate degree in Homeland Security @ Georgetown. (“AUSTERITY, ECONOMIC DECLINE, AND FINANCIAL WEAPONS OF WAR: A NEW PARADIGM FOR GLOBAL SECURITY,” May 2014, https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/37262/MANN-THESIS-2014.pdf)
The conclusions reached in this thesis demonstrate how economic considerations within states can figure prominently
AND
dollar for international trade, or engaging financial warfare against the United States.

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 1 | Opponent: Blue Valley AV | Judge: Conley

Brain drain

Uncertainty over US immigration policy is driving outflows back to India and discouraging new migrants – new legal pathways reverse that trend and trigger Indian economic collapse

Sataline, 17 (Suzanne, "Trump Has Started a Brain Drain Back to India," 9-22, http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/09/22/trump-has-started-a-brain-drain-back-to-india/)
Tangled and contradictory immigration policies of this sort have frustrated Indian immigrants for years,
AND
businesses going to do? Businesses have to import talent," he says.

Weakening Indian growth risks Indo-Pak nuclear war and collapse of the global economy

Bouton, 10 (Marshall M. Bouton, President – Chicago Council on Global Affairs, "America's Interests in India", CNAS Working Paper, October, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_USInterestsinIndia_ Bouton.pdf)
In South Asia, the most immediately compelling U.S. interest is preventing
AND
and terrorism, and much greater potential for unchecked interstate and civil conflict.

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emporia MR | Judge: Brenden Kearney

Interest Rates

1. Uniqueness – Interest rates are rising gradually, but pressures to increase them quickly would hurt the economy

Tankersley and Irwin, New York Times, 18 ~Jim; Neil; 6-13-18; "Fed Raises Interest Rates and Signals 2 More Incerases Are Coming"; https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/13/us/politics/federal-reserve-raises-interest-rates.html; accessed 6-14-18; PAC~
The increases this year are part of a gradual series of steps to return rates
AND
, driving up prices and potentially plunging the economy back into a recession.

2. Link – Immigration increases causes short term inflation pressures, leading to interest rate increases

Nickell, Oxford University Nuffield College Warden, 7 ~Stephen; October 2007; "Immigration: Trends and Macroeconomic Implications"; https://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/users/Nickell/Papers/Immigration-TrendsAndMacroeconomicImplicationsDec07.pdf; accessed 6-14-18; PAC~
On the demand side, the rise in the population will plainly generate an increase
AND
inflationary pressures arising from the rise in aggregate demand generated by the migrants. 

3. Internal Link – The economy, inflation and interest rates are goldilocks—faster interest rates increase collapses the economy

Moss, 7-20-17— Wes Moss, served as a financial expert for CNN, Named one of America's top Financial Advisors by Barron's, Chief Investment Strategist @ Capital Investment Advisors, 7-20-2017, "Janet Yellen And The "Goldilocks Zone" – Wes Moss," https://www.wesmoss.com/news/janet-goldilocks-yellen-strikes-again/
Remember Goldilocks and the three bears? One bowl of porridge was too hot,
AND
hot or too cold, but set up for slow, steady growth.

4. Impact – Economic decline causes diversionary war – Trump makes it uniquely likely

Foster, Virginia Military Institute International Studies and Political Science Professor, 12/19/16 ~Dennis M; 12-19-16; The Washington Post; "Would President Trump goto war to divert attention from problems at home?"; https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/19/yes-trump-might-well-go-to-war-to-divert-attention-from-problems-at-home/?utm_term=.43745ac4c66c; accessed 2-13-17; PAC~
If the U.S. economy tanks, should we expect Donald Trump to
AND
with Trump's psychological traits would initiate more than one major conflict per quarter.

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 3 | Opponent: BVN BL | Judge: Curtis Shephard

1NC – Midterms

Dems ahead in midterms now  – most recent data and polling

Agiesta 9-13-18, (Jennifer, Cnn Polling Director, 9-13-2018, "CNN Poll: Democrats' midterm advantage holds among likely voters," CNN, https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/13/politics/cnn-poll-democrats-lead-likely-voters/index.html
Democrats maintain a wide lead over Republicans in the race for control of the House
AND
with a double-digit lead over Republicans on a generic ballot question.

Immigration key issue but Dems ahead now – plan reverses perceptions

Zanona, The Hill, staff writer, and Brufke, The Hill, Capitol Hill reporter, 6-29-18
(Melanie and Juliegrace, 6-29-18, The Hill, "Lawmakers take immigration battle to ballot box", http://thehill.com/homenews/house/394888-lawmakers-take-immigration-battle-to-ballot-box, accessed 7/8/18, GDI-JG)
Both parties think their immigration message will fire up their base in the midterm elections
AND
largely fueled by rage over Trump's policies such as the family separation issue.

Dem win in the House is the only way to sustain the global liberal order—-the impact is great power peace

Muggah 2-2018 – PhD,  fellow or faculty at Singularity University, the University of Oxford, the University of San Diego, the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, the University of British Columbia, the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, the Canadian Global Affairs Institute, and the Graduate Institute Switzerland (Robert, w/ Francis Fukuyama, "How populism is poisoning the global liberal order," World Economic Forum, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/02/how-populism-is-poisoning-the-global-liberal-order)
There is growing consensus that populism constitutes a grave threat to liberal democracy, and
AND
polar to a multi-polar world will accelerate, with dangerous fallout.

GOP victory devastates public lands

CCD 18 (Coconino County Democrats, "Budgeting Gone Wild: Midterm Elections Matter," https://coconinodemocrats.org/2018/02/13/budgeting-gone-wild/)//BB
Last week's compromise doesn't do enough for domestic priorities while, coming on top of
AND
irreversible harm to our environment and public lands simply through misplaced budget decisions.

Public lands are key to species resilience and adaptation

Magill 15 - ~03/12/15, Bobby Magill, Climate Central, "America's Best Climate Defense Lies in Public Lands", https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/america-s-best-climate-defense-lies-in-public-lands/~~
Public lands are also valuable in a changing climate because they can provide space and
AND
world devoid of wildlife, clean water, and an increasingly dangerous climate."

Loss of biodiversity causes extinction —- evaluate each instance as an existential risk

Noseworthy 14 – forester and conservation biologist working in the Atlantic Region for the Nature Conservancy of Canada (Josh, "The Jenga theory of biodiversity: The tipping point of ecosystems and the diversity of species" http://www.natureconservancy.ca/en/blog/the-jenga-theory-of.html)
With only 20 seconds left of a roughly seven-minute interview, I ended
AND
with goods and services — are the ones that maintain their full diversity.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN KO | Judge: Brice Hansen
Dems win the house but its close – assumes Kavanaugh
Brownstein, 10-18-18
Ronald, Atlantic Media's editorial director for strategic partnerships, 9-18-18, "The 2018 Midterms Are All About Trump," Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/trumps-popularity-key-outcome-midterm-races/573277///EJA
In the House, these late-season trends may be simultaneously reducing the odds
AND
he won more House districts (228) than Clinton did (207).

Immigration will make or break GOP midterms chances – current hardline stance harms vulnerable Republicans – plan reverses
Golshan, Vox, politics reporter, 7-9-18
(Tara, 7-9-18, Vox, “Trump thinks immigration is his party’s winning issue in midterms. The polls aren’t so sure.”, https://www.vox.com/2018/7/9/17548500/abolish-ice-democrats-immigration-2018-midterms, accessed 7/9/18, GDI-JG)
Time and time again, Trump has brought immigration policy front and center, often
AND
with large immigrant populations, are pushing back against this kind of messaging.

GOP victory devastates public lands
CCD 18 (Coconino County Democrats, “Budgeting Gone Wild: Midterm Elections Matter,” https://coconinodemocrats.org/2018/02/13/budgeting-gone-wild/)//BB
Last week’s compromise doesn’t do enough for domestic priorities while, coming on top of
AND
irreversible harm to our environment and public lands simply through misplaced budget decisions.

Public lands are key to species resilience and adaptation
Magill 15 - 03/12/15, Bobby Magill, Climate Central, "America's Best Climate Defense Lies in Public Lands", https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/america-s-best-climate-defense-lies-in-public-lands/
Public lands are also valuable in a changing climate because they can provide space and
AND
world devoid of wildlife, clean water, and an increasingly dangerous climate.”

Loss of biodiversity causes extinction -~-- evaluate each instance as an existential risk
Noseworthy 14 – forester and conservation biologist working in the Atlantic Region for the Nature Conservancy of Canada (Josh, “The Jenga theory of biodiversity: The tipping point of ecosystems and the diversity of species” http://www.natureconservancy.ca/en/blog/the-jenga-theory-of.html)
With only 20 seconds left of a roughly seven-minute interview, I ended
AND
with goods and services — are the ones that maintain their full diversity.

Tournament: BVSW | Round: Octas | Opponent: LFS GH | Judge: Panel

Midterms

Dems win the house now – history, unity, funding, primaries all prove but it will be close

Kaufman 9-28-18, Ted Kaufman, Edward E. "Ted" Kaufman is an American politician and former businessman who served as a United States Senator from Delaware from 2009 to 2010., 9-28-2018, "Democrats aren't divided. And they're going to win the House.," delawareonline, https://www.delawareonline.com/story/opinion/columnists/ted-kaufman/2018/09/28/democrats-arent-divided-and-theyre-going-win-house/1453731002/
I'm hardly alone in predicting that Democrats will take back control of the House of
AND
raised more than its Republican counterpart for the seventh straight month in August."

Immigration key issue but Dems ahead now – plan reverses perceptions

Zanona, The Hill, staff writer, and Brufke, The Hill, Capitol Hill reporter, 6-29-18
(Melanie and Juliegrace, 6-29-18, The Hill, "Lawmakers take immigration battle to ballot box", http://thehill.com/homenews/house/394888-lawmakers-take-immigration-battle-to-ballot-box, accessed 7/8/18, GDI-JG)
Both parties think their immigration message will fire up their base in the midterm elections
AND
largely fueled by rage over Trump's policies such as the family separation issue.

The public expects a Dem wave now—-failure means they'll assume Russia hacked the results—-sparks mass controversy over the election's legitimacy.

Savage 18 – Charlie Savage, Washington correspondent for The New York Times, 2018 ("What if Republicans Win the Midterms?," New York Times, March 3^rd, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/03/sunday-review/what-if-republicans-win-the-midterms.html, AIvackovic)
A sizable portion of the American population has been convulsing with outrage at President Trump
AND
mere trickle, we could see the accomplishment of that goal take hold.

That forces Trump to defend the election's legitimacy by confronting Russia—-extinction

Tayler 17 – Jeffrey Tayler, the Russia correspondent for the Atlantic Monthly and a contributor to several other magazines as well as to NPR's All Things Considered, 2017, ("Anti-Russian Hysteria, American Hypocrisy, and the Risk of Nuclear Confrontation," Quillette, April 20^th,  http://quillette.com/2017/04/20/anti-russian-hysteria-american-hypocrisy-risk-nuclear-confrontation/, AIvackovic)
Though Trump himself has recently tweeted, "Things will work out fine between the
AND
, and what the United States' role has been in triggering this confrontation.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rosemount HJ | Judge: Michael Shelton
Secretary of Defense Mattis is successfully maintaining the NATO Alliance now, but he’s walking a tightrope. Staying out of Trump’s cross-hairs is key.
Torres-Bennett and Gawel 8/30 — Aileen Torres-Bennett, Contributing Writer at The Washington Diplomat, and Anna Gawel, Managing Editor at The Washington Diplomat, 2018 (“Defense Secretary Mattis Quietly Survives Trump’s Purges with Mixed Record,” The Washington Diplomat, August 30th, Available Online at https://washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=18106:defense-secretary-mattis-quietly-survives-trumps-purges-with-mixed-recordandcatid=1574andItemid=428, Accessed 09-27-2018)
Every industry loves its insider baseball. Politics is no exception. The Trump administration
AND
at NATO, while also being tough with allies to increase defense spending.”
The plan breaks the truce between Stephen Miller and other White House officials that gave him total control over immigration policy. He’ll respond by demanding more influence in other areas.
Toosi 8/29 — Nahal Toosi, Foreign Affairs Correspondent at Politico, 2018 (“Inside Stephen Miller’s hostile takeover of immigration policy,” Politico, August 29th, Available Online at https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/29/stephen-miller-immigration-policy-white-house-trump-799199, Accessed 09-26-2018)
When the White House held a series of meetings last year to discuss how to
AND
Security — largely came under Miller’s control, current and former officials said.
Miller will push Trump to abandon NATO. That crushes U.S. deterrence and risks a U.S.-Russia nuclear war.  
Rothman 17 — Noah Rothman, Associate Editor of Commentary Magazine, holds an M.A. in International Relations from Seton Hall University, 2017 (“The Bannon Wing: From Liability to Threat,” Commentary Magazine, June 5th, Available Online at https://www.commentarymagazine.com/donald-trump-bannon-wing-from-liability-to-threat/, Accessed 09-27-2018)
Senior strategist Steve Bannon’s wing of the administration has already done this presidency immeasurable harm
AND
that, at some point, the president would tire of being humiliated.

Tournament: KCKSNCFL | Round: 1 | Opponent: BVW ST | Judge: Panel

Plenary powers in immigration undergird the President's foreign affairs authority—-the plan re-structures this model and constrains the executive's ability to quickly respond to existential threats

Martin 15—(David A; Warner-Booker Distinguished Professor of International Law Emeritus at the University of Virginia, former principal deputy general counsel of the Department of Homeland Security, member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council, J.D. from Yale Law School; 2015; "Why Immigration's Plenary Power Doctrine Endures"; https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=andhttpsredir=1andarticle=1013andcontext=olr; Oklahoma Law Review, Vol. 68, No. 1; accessed 6/26/18; TV)
Justice Field, of course, does wind up treating the political branch's conclusions,
AND
retreating significantly from the strong deference doctrines derived from Chae Chan Ping. 59

Trump flexibility shores up credible deterrence—solves hotspot escalation globally.

Jakobsen, 17 - Associate Professor at the Royal Danish Defence College and a Professor (part-time) at the Center for War Studies at University of Southern Denmark (Peter Viggo Jakobsen, "Doomsday Cancelled: Trump is Good News for Allies and World Peace," War on the Rocks, 3-2-2017, https://warontherocks.com/2017/03/doomsday-cancelled-trump-is-good-news-for-allies-and-world-peace/)
Trump's Unpredictability Deters Rival Risk-Taking That Schelling's logic applies equally well to President
AND
in their efforts to settle differences with the United States and its allies.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rosemount HJ | Judge: Michael Shelton
Liberal immigration policy-~--regardless of real economic effects-~--creates fears of economic insecurity that spur protectionist backlash.
Cerna et al. 16. Cerna is an Analyst in the Directorate for Education and Skills of the OECD; Hollifield is the Ora Nixon Arnold Fellow in International Political Economy and Professor in the Department of Political Science @ SMU; Hynes is Adjunct Professor of International Economics Senior Economist @ Bologna Institute for Policy Research. 01/18/2016. “Trade, Migration and the Crisis of Globalization.” The Palgrave Handbook of International Labour Migration: Law and Policy Perspectives, Springer.

1. Introduction The economic crisis, which began in 2008, caused a global
   AND
   , that more than 800 of these measures have not yet been implemented.
   Trump will take it out on Mexico by derailing NAFTA negotiations. This causes a Mexico failed state.
   Doug Saunders 17. Saunders writes the Globe and Mail's international-affairs column. 11-17-2017. "A NAFTA collapse could push Mexico over the edge." Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/a-nafta-collapse-could-push-mexico-over-the-edge/article37015503/
   There are two foreign men whose faces you see constantly on the streets of Mexico's
   AND
   right next door to the United States – and for no good reason."
   Great power war with China and Russia
   Dr. R. Evan Ellis 16. Research professor of Latin American Studies at the U.S. Army War College (USAWC) Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), with a focus on the region’s relationships with China and other non-Western Hemisphere actors, as well as transnational organized crime and populism in the region, Ph.D. in political science with a specialization in comparative politics. 12-09-16. "Strategic Insights: Thinking Strategically About Latin America and the Caribbean", Strategic Studies Institute, http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/index.cfm/articles/Thinking-Strategically-About-Latin-America-Caribbean/2016/12/09
   As noted previously, there is arguably no region (including Asia) upon which
   AND
   U.S. adversaries in Latin America permitted them to do so.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cypress Bay BG | Judge: Jack Lassiter

Retreat of US power causes Russian imperialism—-Putin is seeking to take advantage of weakness, and only strength deters him

Wilson 15 – MPA @ Princeton, American foreign policy advisor and the current executive vice president at the Atlantic Council of the United States, Deputy Director of the Private Office of the NATO Secretary General, decorated by the Presidents of Estonia, Hungary, Latvia and Poland for his efforts to advance transatlantic relations
(Damon, "A Transatlantic Strategy to Deter Putin's Aggression," US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation, Lexis)
If we fail to stop Putin in Ukraine, we will face a series of
AND
who are bearing a far∂ greater economic cost to their own economies.

The impact is world war three

Butters 15 – analyst citing British Intelligence Experts from Chantam House which is a independent policy institute based in London.  The report was authored by two former British ambassadors to Moscow
(Tim, "World War 3," http://www.inquisitr.com/2143988/world-war-iii-the-west-must-face-up-to-vladimir-putin-or-risk-moscows-use-of-tactical-nuclear-weapons-british-intelligence-experts-warn/)
If the West fails to stand up to confront Vladimir Putin and Moscow, then
AND
that Putin currently faces the biggest challenge of his 15-year rule.

It's unethical to ignore alternatives to US power—-voting aff legitimates global genocide

Gitlin 3 – Professor Sociology at Columbia
(Todd, July, "Goodbye, New World Order: Keep the Global Ideal Alive" MotherJones, http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/gitlin/2003/07/we_478_01.html)
The point is that this would be a terrible time to give up on internationalism
AND
international law with enforcers; not empire, but human rights with guns.

Tournament: KCKCC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Barstow FS | Judge: Ethan Wheeler

Trump is sinking PC into maintaining US-Saudi relations now – he's cooperating with Congress to save the alliance, but it's close – Congressional blowback causes withdrawal

Stephen Collinson, 10-12 *Reporter for CNN Politics covering the White House, and politics across the United States and around the world. ("Trump's Saudi embrace was always complicated," No Publication, http://www.abc-7.com/story/39274530/trumps-saudi-embrace-was-always-complicated, Accessed: 10-16-2018)GrRv
The disappearance and possible murder of the US-based dissident journalist Jamal Khashoggi at
AND
is largely reliant on extracting economic leverage and deals for the United States.

Legal immigration reform saps PC – triggers widespread backlash and erodes credibility

Huey-Burns and Arkin, 18 – National Political Reporter for RealClearPolitics and Congressional Reporter for RealClearPolitics (Caitlin and James, RealClearPolitics, 1/30/18, Trump Speech Could Boost His Immigration Proposal, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2018/01/30/trump_speech_could_boost_his_immigration_proposal_136130.html, Acc. 7/12/18, KB)
The administration has introduced a framework that allows a citizenship pathway for nearly 2 million
AND
to appease the Democrats is going to anger his own voters even more."

Withdrawal causes GCC prolif – maintaining current presence is critical to reassurance

Goldenberg 15 - Senior Fellow and Director of the Middle East Security Program at the Center for a New American Security (Llan, http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS_Iran_Deal_061015.pdf, U.S. STRATEGY AFTER THE IRAN DEAL: Seizing Opportunities and Managing Risks, June 2015) NAR
The United States should find ways to signal to its regional partners that it remains
AND
aerial vehicles and the networking architecture to enhance air and maritime domain awareness.

Saudi prolif escalates.

Edelman 11—Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Former Undersecretary for Defense—AND—Andrew Krepinevich—President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments—AND—Evan Montgomery—Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Eric, The dangers of a nuclear Iran, FA 90;1, http://www.csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/2010.12.27-The-Dangers-of-a-Nuclear-Iran.pdf, CMR)
There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
a single intelligence compromise could leave their weapons vulnerable to attack or theft.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep BG | Judge: Jack Rubenstein

No shutdown—Top issue before lame duck

Litvan 11/14—(Laura Litvan, Bloomberg, 11/14/18, "No U.S. Government Shutdown Before Year's End, McConnell Says", https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-14/no-u-s-government-shutdown-before-year-s-end-mcconnell-says, Accessed: 11/16/18)CH
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell reiterated that he wants to avoid a partial government shutdown
AND
top issue before Congress in a lame duck session that ends next month.

Immigration causes gridlock and destroys bipartisanship

Thompson '18 (Derek; senior editor at The Atlantic, internally citing Gallup and Pew Research polls; 2/2/18; "How Immigration Became So Controversial"; https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/02/why-immigration-divides/552125/; The Atlantic; accessed 7/22/18; TV)
Immigration seems to be the most prominent wedge issue in America. Senate Republicans and
AND
pro-immigration corporate libertarians are subsidizing a virulent anti-immigrant movement.

Shutdown blows a hole in military cyber readiness – guts workforce retention

Interconnection means cyberattacks shipwreck the private sector
Johnson, 18 – senior staff writer at FCW, covering governmentwide IT policy, cybersecurity and a range of other federal technology issues.. (Derek B., Jan 23, 2018, "Cyber takes on new prominence in shutdown government," FCW, https://fcw.com/articles/2018/01/23/cyber-shutdown-johnson.aspx, Accessed: 8-8-2018)GrRv
Many of the federal government's crown jewel cybersecurity programs, like Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation
AND
to collaborate are not available, your response is going to be slower."

States will exploit US vulnerability — single attack risks nuclear war

Nolan, 15 (Andrew Nolan, Legislative Attorney at the Congressional Research Service, former Trial Attorney at the United States Department of Justice, holds a J.D. from George Washington University, "Cybersecurity and Information Sharing: Legal Challenges and Solutions," CRS Report to Congress, March 16th, Available Online at http://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/R43941.pdf, p. 1-3)
The high profile cyberattacks of 2014 and early 2015 appear to be indicative of a
AND
the words of one prominent cybersecurity expert—"vulnerabilities of staggering proportions."26

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: MBA HP | Judge: Imran Makani
The United States executive branch should exempt Canada and Mexico from current and future steel and aluminum tariffs. The United States should communicate this policy through all relevant diplomatic channels.

It’s new nafta or no nafta
Strozzi 3-19-2019 – LLM @ Georgetown, JD, top international trade lawyer, he has advised major multinational companies in the automotive, steel and consumer products sectors. He provides advice regarding available foreign trade programs, tax implications of foreign trade operations, implementation of free trade agreements entered into by Mexico, customs procedures, trade compliance and unfair trade practices. (Alejandro, “What Auto Manufacturers Need to Know About Mexico Under the USMCA,” Manufacturing Net, https://www.manufacturing.net/industry-brief/2019/03/what-auto-manufacturers-need-know-about-mexico-under-usmca)
The (Likely) Execution of the USMCA
Rule of Origin (ROO)
AND
export promotion programs so that valuable chains of production do not flee Mexico.

USMCA passes now—it’s bipartisan and Trump wants passage
 Fitzgerald 4-11 - Sandy Fitzgerald is a staff writer at Newsmax, "Scalise: USMCA Will Be Approved Because It's a 'Better Deal'," 4-11-2019, Newsmax, https://www.newsmax.com/newsfront/steve-scalise-usmca-nafta-canada/2019/04/11/id/911304/, accessed 4-11-2019, EJA)
The U.S.-Mexico-Canada trade agreement will ultimately be approved because
AND
markets off to American products that we opened up in the new agreement."

Immigration reform sucks up floor time and destroys bipartisanship passage
Thompson, 18 (Derek; senior editor at The Atlantic, internally citing Gallup and Pew Research polls; 2/2/18; “How Immigration Became So Controversial”; https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/02/why-immigration-divides/552125/; The Atlantic; accessed 7/22/18; TV)
Immigration seems to be the most prominent wedge issue in America. Senate Republicans and
AND
pro-immigration corporate libertarians are subsidizing a virulent anti-immigrant movement.

USMCA key to economic and innovative leadership
David A. Gantz, 11-15-2018 - Will Clayton fellow in international economics at Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy and the Samuel M. Fegtly professor of law at the University of Arizona’s James E. Rogers College of Law; "US needs USMCA if it's serious about competing with China," TheHill, https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/416739-us-needs-usmca-if-its-serious-about-competing-with-china
The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) negotiated by the Trump
AND
administration and Congress must work together to enact USMCA as promptly as possible. 

Prevents global nuclear war
Henricksen 17 – emeritus senior fellow at the Hoover Institution (Thomas, “Post-American World Order,” Hoover, http://www.hoover.org/research/post-american-world-order)
The tensions stoked by the assertive regimes in the Kremlin or Tiananmen Square could spark
AND
problems which could entail a collapse, as happened to the Soviet Union.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN KO | Judge: Brice Hansen
Water infrastructure bill passes now – it’s key to water security and distribution  
EMILY Birnbaum 10-10-2018 ("Trump poised to sign bipartisan water infrastructure bill," https://thehill.com/policy/transportation/410824-trump-to-sign-bipartisan-water-infrastructure-bill, Accessed: 10-17-2018)GrRv
“President Trump called on Congress to take action on the country’s water infrastructure and
AND
systems, this legislation meets all sorts of pressing needs," he wrote.

Immigration fractures bipartisanship.
Thompson ’18 (Derek; senior editor at The Atlantic, internally citing Gallup and Pew Research polls; 2/2/18; “How Immigration Became So Controversial”; https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/02/why-immigration-divides/552125/; The Atlantic; accessed 7/22/18; TV)
Immigration seems to be the most prominent wedge issue in America. Senate Republicans and
AND
pro-immigration corporate libertarians are subsidizing a virulent anti-immigrant movement.

Water insecurity causes nuclear war
Hartley et al., 12 (Major General John Hartley AO (Retd), CEO and Institute, Director Future Directions International, Roundtable Chairman. Alyson Clarke, FDI Executive Officer Gary Kleyn, Manager, FDI Global Food and Water Crises Research Programme, “International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points Resulting from Food and Water Insecurity” 25 May 2012 http://futuredirections.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Workshop_Report_-_Intl_Conflict_Triggers_-_May_25.pdf)
There is little dispute that conflict can lead to food and water crises. This
AND
identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war.

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 3 | Opponent: BVN BL | Judge: Curtis Shephard

Cap

Prioritizing high skilled workers reflects a capitalist system of inequality where only the privileged have mobility across the border

Heyman 12 ( Josiah, professor of anthropology at the University of Texas. "Capitalism and US Policy at the Mexican Border." Dialectical Anthropology, vol. 36, no. 3/4, 2012, pp. 263–277. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23339244.) SVN
The border allows some international mobility while attempting to halt other movements (setting aside
AND
a broader analysis of capitalist society as a system of privilege and disprivilege.

The impact is extinction and global structural violence - generates resource shortages, environmental destruction, social crises, and is the root cause of inequality

Sparke 16
(Matthew Sparke is Professor of Geography, International Studies and Global Health at the University of Washington, USA, where he also serves as the Director of Integrated Social Sciences, "Health and the embodiment of neoliberalism: pathologies of political
economy from climate change and austerity to personal responsibility," in The Handbook of Neoliberalism
AND
double burden of neoliberalism' in global public health (Glasgow and Schrecker 2015).

Our alternate is to refuse to act and reject the aff — to say "I would prefer not to" – only this act enables full withdrawal from the coordinates of capitalism — the alternative is incoherent in the framework of capitalism because the system requires limited resistance

Zizek 6 Slavoj Zizek in 2006, The Parallax View
This, of course, doce not in any way imply that we should rule
AND
Western Buddhist" game of "social reality is just an illusory game."

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Little Rock TK | Judge: Kevin Whitley
The aff’s anti-institutional politics devastates movements and coalitional strategies essential for a Green New Deal
Parenti and Emanuele 15
(Christian Parenti, former visiting fellow at CUNY's Center for Place, Culture and Politics, as well as a Soros Senior Justice Fellow, teaches in the Liberal Studies program at New York University, interview with Vincent Emanuele, writer, activist and radio journalist who lives and works in the Rust Belt, “Climate Change, Militarism, Neoliberalism and the State,” May 17, 2015, http://ouleft.sp-mesolite.tilted.net/?p=1980)
You mention mutual aid and how it was overhyped by the left in the aftermath
AND
of climate science very seriously, I am something of a carbon fundamentalist.

The alternative is a coalitional movement for green justice

A multiracial movement is key to the Green New Deal
Holt-Gimenez 18 Eric Holt Giménez is an agroecologist, political economist, and Executive Director of Food First The Green New Deal: Fulcrum for the farm and food justice movement? Eric Holt-Giménez | 12.17.2018, https://foodfirst.org/the-green-new-deal-fulcrum-for-the-farm-and-food-justice-movement/
To create a policy sea-change, we’ll need both strong, broad-
AND
pivot our society towards the just transition we all urgently need and desire.

Green justice is essential to prevent extinction and reduce racial inequality
Kennedy 19 Dan Kennedy, Contributing Writer for Oberlin Gazette We Can — And Must — Implement Green New Deal |March 1, 2019, https://oberlinreview.org/18143/opinions/we-can-and-must-implement-green-new-deal/
Days after Democrats won a majority in the House of Representatives in last year’s midterm
AND
, mobilize, and build the people power necessary to make it possible.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: MBA HP | Judge: Imran Makani
Text: The United States federal government should end all restrictions on legal immigration to the United States, not including EB-5 applicants. 

The United States federal government should reduce the cap on EB-5 visas to zero. 

The United States federal government should not allow Chinese real estate workers and investors to immigrate to the United States. 

Expanding the EB-5 program creates massive vulnerabilities for devastating cyber attacks
Armstrong, 15—Shae, Shae Armstrong earned his undergraduate degree in accounting and management from Tulane University’s Freeman School of Business. He earned his law degree in 2005 from the University of Tulsa, College of Law. During his matriculation at Tulsa, he was a member of the University’s Comparative and International Law Journal, His work has been cited in the New York Times, The Guardian, The Wall Street Journal, The Dallas Morning News, The Hill, The Washington Times, and the Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity. He’s advised U.S. House and Senate offices, and been an advisor to both state and federal campaigns. He is a licensed attorney by the Supreme court of Texas and Court of International Trade, 12/17/15 (“Political dealing on behalf of Manhattan developers puts US security at risk”, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/homeland-security/263612-political-dealing-on-behalf-of-manhattan-developers, The Hill, Accessed 6/30/18)DG
Despite the financial risks and unpatriotic tone of Chinese government sponsored companies being the primary
AND
be tried for treason by affording them a platform to perpetrate our homeland.    

Cyber-attacks go nuclear
Cartwright et al., 15 (Gen. (Ret.) James E. Cartwright, Chair of the Global Zero Commission on Nuclear Risk Reduction, Chair in Defense Policy Studies, Center for Strategic and International Studies, former Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Dr. Bruce Blair, Study Director of the Global Zero Commission on Nuclear Risk Reduction, Co-Founder of Global Zero; with Commission members: Ambassador K. Shankar Bajpai, former Chairman, National Security Advisory Board, former Secretary of the Ministry of External Affairs, India; Ambassador Richard Burt, former United States Chief Negotiator, Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START); Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Evgeny P. Buzhinsky, Senior Vice President, PIR Center, former Head, International Treaty Directorate, Main Department of International Military Cooperation, Ministry of Defense, Russian Federation; Ambassador Ivo H. Daalder, President, the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, former Permanent Representative of the United States to NATO; Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Vincent Desportes, Senior Military Advisor, Panhard General Defense, former Director of the Joint War College (College interarmée de defense, CID), France; Ambassador, (Ret.) Giampaolo Di Paola, former Minister of Defence, Italy, former Chairman of the NATO Military Committee; Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Mahmud Ali Durrani, former National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister of Pakistan, former Ambassador of the Republic of Pakistan to the United States; Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Vladimir Dvorkin, Main Researcher, Center of International Security, The Institute for World Economy and International Relations, former Director, Research Institute No. 4, Ministry of Defense, Russian Federation; Gen. (Ret.) Jehangir Karamat, Founder and Director, Spearhead Research, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Pakistan, former Ambassador of Pakistan to the United States; Vice Adm. (Ret.) Yoji Koda, former Vice Admiral of the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force; Vice Adm. (Ret.) Verghese Koithara, Independent Strategic Analyst, former Vice Admiral, Indian Navy; Ambassador Yuji Miyamoto, Chairman of Miyamoto Institute of Asian Research, former Ambassador of Japan to China, former Director of Disarmament Affairs of the United Nations Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan; Gen. (Ret.) Klaus Naumann, former Chairman, NATO Military Committee, former Chief of Staff, Bundeswehr, German Armed Forces; Gen. (Ret.) Bernard Norlain, President, Conseil d’Administration, Committee for the Study of National Defense, former Air Defense Commander and Air Combat Commander, French Air Force; Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Osamu Onoda, Asia Center Fellow, Harvard University, former Lieutenant General, Japan Air Self Defense Force; Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Pan Zhenqiang, Deputy Chairman, China Foundation for International Studies, former Director, Institute for Strategic Studies, National Defense University, China; Ambassador Tomas Pickering, former Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs, United States, former Ambassador of the United States to the United Nations, Russia, India, Israel, El Salvador, Nigeria, and Jordan; Min. Paul Quilès, former Minister of Defense, Transport, Interior and Public Security, France; Gen. (Ret.) Lord David Ramsbotham, former Commander Field Army and Inspector General of the Territorial Army, United Kingdom; Rt. Hon. Sir Malcolm Rifkind, former Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, former Secretary of Defense, United Kingdom; Ambassador Yukio Satoh, Vice Chairman, Japan Institute of International Affairs, former Ambassador of Japan to the United Nations; Gen. (Ret.) John J. Sheehan, former Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Command; Vice Adm. (Ret.) Vijay Shankar, Admiral Katari Chair of Excellence, United Services Institute, India, former Commander in Chief of the Andaman and Nicobar Command, former Commander in Chief, Strategic Forces Command of India; Min. Song Min-soon, Chair Professor, Kyungnam University, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea; Air Chief Marshal (Ret.) Shashindra Pal Tyagi, Member, National Security Advisory Board, former Chief of the Air Staff, Indian Air Force; Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Noboru Yamaguchi, Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan, former Commanding General of the Japan Ground Self Defense Force Research and Development Command; Maj. Gen. Yao Yunzhu, Director, Center for China-America Defense Relations, Director, Academy of Military Science, People’s Liberation Army, People’s Republic of China; Maj. Gen. Zhu Chenghu, Director General and Professor of Academic Department of Strategic Studies, National Defense University of the People’s Liberation Army, People’s Republic of China; Baron Karl-Teodor Zu Guttenberg, former Federal Minister of Defense; Fmr. Federal Minister of Economics and Technology, Federal Republic of Germany; and Commission Advisor Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Uzi Eilam, Senior Research Fellow, Institute for National Security Studies, Tel Aviv University, former Director General of the Israeli Atomic Energy Commission, former Chief Scientist and Director of Research and Development in the Ministry of Defense, Israel; “De-Alerting and Stabilizing the World’s Nuclear Force Postures,” Global Zero Commission on Nuclear Risk Reduction, April 2015, p.5-6, http://www.globalzero.org/files/global_zero_commission_on_nuclear_risk_reduction_report_0.pdf)
An arc of latent nuclear instability stretches around the globe. From Central Europe through
AND
concern is reason enough to remove nuclear missiles from launch-ready alert.

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emporia MR | Judge: Brenden Kearney

Hawai’i PIC

CP Text – Plan:  The United States federal government should open the borders to the continental United States, Alaska and all relevant territories.

CP Competes – Normal means is USfg immigration policy applies to all 50 states. Affs should have to defend normal means implementation or debate would be impossible for the negative to predict, research and debate.

====Normal means are that the plan is passed by the federal government and unilaterally applied to all 50 states, including Hawai'i====
Hunt, UCSD Immigration Studies visiting fellow, 1
~Valerie, Visiting Fellow, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California in San Diego, May 2001, "When Institutional Boundaries Meet New Political Ideas: Courts, Congress and U.S. Immigration Policy Reform," accessed 7/9/18, https://ccis.ucsd.edu/_files/wp38.pdf**~~ GDI-ARV
Since the late 19th century, the United States Supreme Court has adhered to the
AND
long-term stability in this institutional arrangement between the Court and Congress.

Aff is an assertion of US sovereignty via immigration policy that directly undermines Native Hawaiian sovereignty —

Gupta, Ethnic Studies Chair, University of Hawai'I Mānoa and Haglund, Professor University of Hawai'i Mānoa, 15
~Monisha Das and Sue P., , Latino Studies, "Mexican migration to Hawai'i and US settler colonialism", Volume 13, No. 4, 457-458, EAW~
Next, we discuss the consequences of the cooperation between local police and federal immigration
AND
that aims at correcting racial injustices, eliminating Native claims from the picture.

The destruction of Native peoples through the lens of "sameness" result in genocide AND loss of cultural diversity threatens extinction

Friedberg, University of Illinois, PhD Candidate, Germanic Studies, 2000
(Lilian, "Dare to Compare," American Indian Quarterly; Summer, Vol. 24 Issue 3, p. 353, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1185909, accessed 7/10/17)
Attempts on the part of American Indians to transcend chronic, intergenerational maladies introduced by
AND
, as with Hitler or Stalin, demonically proclaimed as the new salvation."

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 1 | Opponent: Blue Valley AV | Judge: Conley

1NC Admission

Interpretation – Legal immigration" is exclusively admission into the U.S.

Cheng et al. 4 — Anthony W. Cheng, Economist at the Social Security Administration, et al., 2004 ("A Stochastic Model of the Long-Range Financial Status of the OASDI Program," Report by the Social Security Administration's Office of the Chief Actuary, Actuarial Study Number 117, September, Available Online at https://www.ssa.gov/oact/NOTES/pdf_studies/study117.pdf, Accessed 06-20-2018, p. 6-8)
~Notes: 1. "OASDI (Old-Age, Survivors, Disability
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is important to note that legal emigration is simulated independently from legal immigration. 

Admission requires physical entry- it excludes adjustment of status

Cicchini, 12 – Daniel Cicchini and Joseph Hassell are Attorney Advisors at the Immigration Court in Eloy, Arizona ("The Continuing Struggle To Define "Admission" and "Admitted" in the Immigration and Nationality Act" Immigration Law Advisor, June, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2012/08/07/vol6no6.pdf
Adjustment of Status: Is It an Admission? Determining if and when an alien
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subject them to the grounds of inadmissibility under section 212 of the Act.

Violation: The aff does not require people to come to the US – it only changes the status of people here

Prefer it:

Intent to define: our definition of admission comes from the Immigration and Nationality Act

Limits: they justify changing status of one person – allows infinite affs – kills research incentives— explodes limits – makes neg prep impossible – key internal link to clash and education – we creates the most predictable limit – key to fairness

Ground: they kill neg ground — all links to disads are predicated off of people coming into the country – we create predictable ground — that's key to neg and aff prep which is key to clash and fairness

Voter for fairness and education

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Greenhill KW | Judge: Sean Duff

T Courts

Interpretation – only Congress can act on immigration – court action isn't topical

Cox and Rodriguez 15 – Adam B. Cox, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School; and Cristina M. Rodriguez, Professor of Law at the New York University School of Law, 2015("The President and Immigration Law," Yale Law Journal, 8-7-2015, Available Online from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2635638)//BM
Congress's plenary power to regulate immigration sharply limits the judiciary's involvement in immigration regulation.
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attempted to discern whether consistent power-sharing patterns have emerged over time.

Congress is predictable – they have sole authority over immigration policy

Weissbrodt and Danielson 04 - David Weissbrodt, professor of law specializing in Immigration; and Laura Danielson immigration lawyer at USCIS; 2004("CHAPTER 2: THE SOURCE AND SCOPE OF THE FEDERAL POWER TO REGULATE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION", Human Rights Library, Available Online at http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/immigrationlaw/chapter2.html)//BM
The plenary and unqualified power of the federal government to regulate immigration, naturalization,
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-citizens ordered removed, it would have had to uphold such detention.

Violation – the aff uses the courts

Voter for predictable limits and ground – courts are a new literature base makes unreasonable research burden that decks clash – no predictable offense all disads and counterplans are based on congressional action – key to fairness and education

Effects T is a voter – makes the plan unpredictable and decks disad and counterplan ground

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: MBA HP | Judge: Imran Makani
Interpretation and Violation – the aff can only garner offense off of the mechanism of the plan 

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action.
Jon M. Ericson, 3 - Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U.; “The Debater’s Guide,” Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Limits---the aff allows teams to gain advantages off things that don’t happen in the real world which explodes neg research burden
Ground—its impossible to disprove utopias skews debate towards the aff
Voter for fairness and education

Tournament: KCKSNCFL | Round: 6 | Opponent: BVW MW | Judge: Panel

Restrictions on legal immigration mean the aff has to remove a rule governing legal admission under visa categories- that excludes rules governing humanitarian or unauthorized entry

Passel and Fix, 94 - Jeffrey S. Passel is Director, Program for Research for Immigration Policy, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C.; Michael Fix is Director, Immigrant Policy Program, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C ("U. S. Immigration in a Global Context: Past, Present, and Future" GLOBAL LEGAL STUDIES JOURNAL 2:5, https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024andcontext=ijgls
The structure and goals of U.S. immigration policy are frequently misunderstood in
AND
differ in important ways that are often ignored in research and policy debates.

Violation: the plan removes restrictions on humanitarian entry/refugees

Voting issue for limits and ground – including refugees or undocumented immigrants massively explodes the topic – they are both separate bodies of literature involving hundreds of possible affirmatives and thousands of hours of research that make preparation impossible

Tournament: Washburn Rural | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emporia MR | Judge: Brenden Kearney

T - LPR

Interpretation: "Legal immigration" is exclusively admission into the U.S. under LPR status.

Cheng et al. 4 — Anthony W. Cheng, Economist at the Social Security Administration, et al., 2004 ("A Stochastic Model of the Long-Range Financial Status of the OASDI Program," Report by the Social Security Administration's Office of the Chief Actuary, Actuarial Study Number 117, September, Available Online at https://www.ssa.gov/oact/NOTES/pdf_studies/study117.pdf, Accessed 06-20-2018, p. 6-8)
~Notes: 1. "OASDI (Old-Age, Survivors, Disability
AND
is important to note that legal emigration is simulated independently from legal immigration. 

Violation: the aff does not allow in immigrants for LPR status

Prefer it:

Intent to define: The INA uses this definition – any other definition is taken out of context

Limits: they justify affs that bring people into the country for a day – explodes limits – makes neg research impossible – kills research incentive — key internal link to clash and education – we creates the most predictable limit – key to fairness

Ground: they kill neg ground — all econ links are predicated off permanent residence – econ core neg arg on this topic – we create predictable ground — that's key to neg and aff prep which is key to clash and fairness

Voter for fairness and education

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Berkeley Prep SS | Judge: Jonathan Alston
Interpretation—restrictions on immigration under the INA means increasing numerical caps and relaxing inadmissibility standards.
HLR 83 – Harvard Law Review, 1983 ("Developments in the Law: Immigration Policy and the Rights of Aliens", Harvard Law Review, Vol. 96, No. 6, April 1983, JSTOR, Available Online from https://www-jstor-org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/stable/1341010, pg. 1334-1339, )
IV. ADMISSION AND EXCLUSION OF IMMIGRANTS UNDER THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT A.
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legislation by Congress, but also on judicial construction and executive branch administration.

Violation—the aff is regulation

Voter for limits and ground—regulation opens up a new lit base—there are thousands of individual regulations that makes prep useless—key to fairness and education

Effects T is a voter—allows them to garner advantages not based on the plantext—decks predictability

Tournament: KSHSAA 2 Speaker | Round: 4 | Opponent: Hutchinson OU | Judge: Ethan Eititus

Restrictions on legal immigration refer to quotas or grounds for inadmissibility

Tasoff, 16 - Certified Specialist in Immigration Law (State Bar of California Board of Legal Specialization) since 1985 and has exclusively practiced immigration law for over 40 years. He was a past chair of the S. Calif. Chapter of the American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA) and is a partner in the Law Firm of Tasoff and Tasoff ("Immigration Law After Trump" https://www.tasoff.com/Immigration-Information/Immigration-Law-After-Trump.pdf
Quantitative and Qualitative Restrictions on Legal Immigration
There are two barriers stopping the masses
AND
allow DHS to remove people who are already in the U.S. 

Violation: the AFF doesn't change quotas or inadmissibility standards

Voter for limits and ground.  All neg prep is premised on increasing quotas or changing inadmissibility standards – anything else is regressive and enables the AFF to change

Extra T is a voter – links to all our offense

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cypress Bay BG | Judge: Jack Lassiter

Interpretation and Violation – topical affirmatives must defend hypothetical implementation of a topical plan. It's predictable because it was negotiated and announced in advance.

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action.

Jon M. Ericson, 3 - Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U.; "The Debater's Guide," Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Restrictions on legal immigration include raising quotas and changing terms of admissibility for the five paths to LPR – prefer topic wording and legal precision

Tasoff 16 (Ron Tasoff, Senior Partner in Tasoff and Tasoff, J.D. from Loyola Law School, UWLA School of Law, Former Adjunct Professor in Immigration Law, 2016, "Immigration Law After Trump" Law Office of Tasoff and Tasoff, Representation for Immigration Law Issues Nationwide Since 1949, https://www.tasoff.com/Immigration-Information/Immigration-Law-After-Trump.pdf)
Quantitative and Qualitative Restrictions on Legal Immigration There are two barriers stopping the masses from
AND
the accompanying Chart for more details regarding the family and employment based categories.

Vote NEG for predictable limits—allowing the AFF to determine the grounds for the debate makes any NEG engagement impossible because it skirts a predictable starting point, making prep and research useless.

There are two impacts-

1 – Competitive Equity—non-topical advocacies monopolize argumentative ground and allow the AFF to unilaterally determine NEG positions—that creates a competitive incentive to give the NEG the worst ground and the AFF the best ground—competitive equity comes before evaluating the substance of the AFF because it's a procedural question – switch side debate absorbs all of their education offense

2 – Truth-testing—procedurally limited topics facilitate second-level argument development and force debaters to consider a superposition of methods to address a singular issue – open topics encourage linear thinking and prevent meaningful engagement