Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
Ana: anadebate07@gmail.com
Ethan: etai@college-prep.org

See Bittner-Guo or Bittner-Mukherjee wikis for more information on past debates.

Tournament: Cal | Round: 2 | Opponent: Downtown Magnets AJ | Judge: Quah, Isaac
The 1AC includes discussions of sexual violence and rape.

Tournament: Cal | Round: 4 | Opponent: Garfield BP | Judge: Mills, Ryan

The Contention is Recruitment

Military recruitment is dropping to dangerous levels – absent stable troop numbers, hiring contractors and future conflict pose the next risks to national security.

Laich et. al, 12-6-2018

 (Maj. Gen. Dennis Laich, Jonathan Askonas and Gil Barndollar, Maj. Gen. Dennis Laich retired from the U.S. Army in 2006 after more than 35 years of service. Jonathan Askonas is a research fellow at the Center for the Study of Statesmanship at the Catholic University of America. Gil Barndollar is the military fellow-in-residence at the Center for the Study of Statesmanship and served as a U.S. Marine infantry officer from 2009 to 2016., "The armed forces arithmetic isn’t adding up", TheHill, https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/419641-the-armed-forces-arithmetic-isnt-adding-up, accessed on 1-4-2019, AB) *modified language
*AVF = All Volunteer Force
Politicians and generals
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ours to make.

Absent new recruits, military shortages will worsen. The Dream Act provides new recruitment pools willing to serve.

National Immigration Forum 17

 (The National Immigration Forum advocates for the value of immigrants and immigration to our nation. Founded in 1982, the Forum plays a leading role in the national debate about immigration, knitting together innovative alliances across diverse business, faith, immigrant, law enforcement and veterans constituencies in communities across the country. Coming together under the Forum’s leadership, these alliances develop and execute legislative and administrative policy positions and advocacy strategies. Leveraging our policy education and communications expertise, the Forum works for comprehensive immigration reform, sound border-security policies and balanced enforcement of immigration laws, as well as to ensure that new Americans have the opportunities, skills and status to reach their fullest potential., FOR LOVE OF COUNTRY: NEW AMERICANS SERVING IN OUR ARMED FORCES, Veterans for New Americans, http://immigrationforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/FOR-THE-LOVE-OF-COUNTRY-DIGITAL.pdf, accessed on 1/1/18)
Even with the
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Rep. Ileana RosLehtinen (R-Florida). 42

Scenario One: Readiness

Immigrants are key to military readiness due to mission critical skills, lower attrition, large numbers, and high quality service.

Barry 11-8-2013

 (Catherine N. Barry, a research consultant and program evaluator for government, nonprofit, and for-profit organizations. Her dissertation, “Moving On Up? U.S. Military Service, Education and Labor Market Mobility among Children of Immigrants,” examines the motivations behind military enlistment and post-military educational attainment and employment among foreign- and U.S.-born children of immigrants., "New Americans in Our Nation’s Military", Center for American Progress, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2013/11/08/79116/new-americans-in-our-nations-military/, accessed on 1-4-2019, AB) *modified language
Immigrants are a
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the United States.

American military hegemony has eroded due to a readiness crisis and rising actors – that risks global conflict and instability.

Eric Edelman, Co-Chair of the National Defense Strategy Commission et al. 2018

(November Providing for the Common Defense: The Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission https:www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf full author list: Christine Fox, Kathleen Hicks, Jack Keane, Andrew Krepinevich, Jon Kyl, Gary Roughead, Co-Chair, Thomas Mahnken, Michael McCord, Michael Morell, Anne Patterson, Roger Zakheim)
The security and wellbeing
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security are severe.

Increasing troop size is necessary to prevent hegemonic decline or readiness crises.

Eaglen 14

 Mackenzie Eaglen (resident fellow at the Marilyn Ware Center for Security Studies at the American Enterprise Institute). “A Line in the Sand on American Leadership.” U.S. News and World Report. August 15, 2014 https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2014/08/15/americas-too-small-military-is-hurting-its-power-and-economy
Given the breadth
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United States of America.”

Hegemony prevents multiple scenarios for nuclear war-~--China, Russia, Iran, and regional prolif-~--decline causes transition wars, counterbalancing, and re-intervention-~--no alternatives

Auslin et al, 17

 - Auslin, resident scholar and director of Japan studies at the American Enterprise Institute; Dueck, professor in the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University; Bromund, senior research fellow in Anglo-American relations at the Heritage Foundation  (Michael Auslin, Colin Dueck, and Ted Bromund, "Reclaiming American Realism," Volume 1, Number 2, American Affairs Journal, May 2017, https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2017/05/reclaiming-american-realism/)
Having vanquished both
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our foreign policy.

We control the largest explanation for effecting the disincentive for conflict —err aff— the neg speaks in absolute, but everything is relative. Instead of asking if unipolarity is good, ask “good” compared to what— the world has no other alternative.

Drezner 13

 (Daniel W, Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. “Military Primacy Doesn’t Pay (Nearly As Much As You Think)” International Security, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Summer 2013), pp. 52–79)
William Wohlforth has
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around the world.”9

Scenario Two: Blackwater

Because of Mattis’s leaving, Blackwater and private military contractors are on the rise.

Copp 12-23-2018

 (Tara Copp, Tara Copp is the Pentagon Bureau Chief for Military Times and author of the award-winning military nonfiction "The Warbird: Three Heroes. Two Wars. One Story.", "Mattis is out, and Blackwater is back: ‘We are coming’", Military Times, https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2018/12/21/mattis-is-out-and-blackwater-is-back-we-are-coming/#.XBxxuJxIMgc.twitter, accessed on 1-4-2019, AB)
This month, in
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DOD official said.

Historical shortages of eligible soldiers has led to demand and necessity of Private Military Contractors. DREAM solves by increasing the pool of available troops, removing the necessity for PMCs.

Halpin 11

 (Alison Halpin, “US Government Outsourcing, the Private Military Industry, and Operation IraqiFreedom: A Case Study in Conflict Contracting”, https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/9811/Halpin_ku_0099M_11891_DATA_1.pdf?sequence=1andisAllowed=y, pg. 79-82)
As illustrated previously,
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still been inadequate.

Private Military Contractors fail – lack of oversight and accountability measures guarantees that they only embolden hostile forces

Ryan T. Williams Western State University College of Law 2017

January 13 (last updated) “Size Really Does Matter: How Obesity is Undermining America’s National Security” University of Toledo Law Review, 2016 (originally written March 1 2016) IB
If lowering the
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national security problem.

Plan

The United States federal government should reduce restrictions on legal immigration to the United States by passing the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act of 2017.

Solvency

Passing the Dream Act is critical to improving the military and preventing mass deportations

Partington et. al, 1-30-2018

 (James W. Partington, Margaret Stock and Scott Cooper, James W. Partington is a retired United States Navy rear admiral and Veterans for New Americans National co-chairman. Margaret Stock is a retired United States Army Reserve lieutenant colonel and Veterans for New Americans National co-chairwoman. Scott Cooper is a retired United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel and founder of Veterans for American Ideals., "Passing a solution for Dreamers will strengthen our military", TheHill, https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/371436-passing-a-solution-for-dreamers-will-strengthen-our-military, accessed on 1-4-2019, AB)
America has always
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to our military.

Probabalistic thinking fails to account or respond adequately to worst-case scenarios, leading to policy failure -~-- evidence-based possibilistic thinking is vital for preventing catastrophes, while avoiding their offense

Clarke, 6

 (Ph.D., Associate Professor of Sociology at Rutgers University, Worst Cases: Terror and Catastrophe in the Popular Imagination, 2006, p. ix-xi) *modified language
People are worried,
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can read it.

Tournament: Cal | Round: 2 | Opponent: Downtown Magnets AJ | Judge: Quah, Isaac

Contention One is Asylum

In December, the U.S. District Court challenged Session’s reversal of asylum rights for survivors of intimate partner violence, but now women have to apply under the “particular social group” category.

Olmstead and Stern 12-19-2018

(Molly Olmstead and Mark Joseph Stern, "Federal Judge Blocks Trump Administration’s Attempt to Deny Asylum to Domestic Violence Victims", Slate Magazine, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/12/federal-judge-ruling-trump-domestic-violence-asylum-rules.html, accessed on 1-16-2019, AB)
A federal judge on
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accomplish their nativist agenda.

The “particular social group” standard makes asylum unattainable for survivors due to lack of clarity and social visibility tests.

Malwitz, 6-1-18

(Christopher C. Malwitz, “Particular Social Groups: Vague Definitions and an Indeterminate Future for Asylum Seekers,” Brooklyn Law Review, Volume 83, Issue 3 Spring, Article 9, https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol83/iss3/9/?utm_source=brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu2Fblr2Fvol832Fiss32F9andutm_medium=PDFandutm_campaign=PDFCoverPages, AB)
Victims fleeing their
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is especially dire.13

This absence of clear standards under “particular social group” for women fleeing gendered violence turns court deliberation towards questions of social distinction and particularity, which often leads to deportations and forces survivors to delve into nitty gritty details about their experiences to prove their eligibility.

Malwitz, 6-1-18

 (Christopher C. Malwitz, “Particular Social Groups: Vague Definitions and an Indeterminate Future for Asylum Seekers,” Brooklyn Law Review, Volume 83, Issue 3 Spring, Article 9, https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol83/iss3/9/?utm_source=brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu2Fblr2Fvol832Fiss32F9andutm_medium=PDFandutm_campaign=PDFCoverPages, AB)
The BIA seemed
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and particularity, not immutability.134

Social visibility tests serve to authenticity test survivors in a manner that not only violates international law, but also places them in grave danger.

Wood and Hadar, March 18

 (JUDITH L. WOOD AND FEDERICA D. HADAR, “International Human Rights Law and Discrepancies With Recent Jurisprudence and US Asylum Law,” THE FEDERAL LAWYER page 71-72, http://www.fedbar.org/Resources_1/Federal-Lawyer-Magazine/2018/March/International-Human-Rights-Law-and-Discrepancies-With-Recent-Jurisprudence-and-US-Asylum-Law.aspx?FT=.pdf., accessed 1/17/19, AB) *edited language
Article 14(1) of the Universal
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matter of asylum law.

Increasing the burden of proof reinforces the national narrative of sexual violence that requires women to authenticate their story while silencing survivors – the plan sets a precedent towards believing survivors and interrupting status quo practices.

NCR Editorial Staff, 12/12/17

(“Default must be to trust the victim,” National Catholic Reporter, https://www.ncronline.org/news/opinion/default-must-be-trust-victim, accessed on 10/15/18, AB)
In our legal system,
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to the United States. 

Supreme Court clarification sets a precedent for future asylum cases and removes arbitrary tests, while ensuring compliance with international law.

Sternberg 16

 (Nitzan Sternberg, Fordham University School of Law, “Do I Need to Pin a Target to My Back: The Definition of Particular Social Group in U.S.,” Fordham Urban Law Journal, Number 1 Padilla and the Future of the Defense, Volume 39, Article 9, https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol39/iss1/9/, accessed on 9/2/18, AB)
*PSG = particular social groups

1. The Application of Chevron
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   other circuit courts.363

Redefining particular social group is key to create permanency in protections for survivors, establish uniformity in immigration courts, and prevent further deportations.

Marsden 14

 Jessica Marsden, Yale Law JD, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ASYLUM AFTER MATTER OF L-R-, Yale Law Journal Vol 123, 2014, Westlaw
DHS strove mightily
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 violence asylum claims.

Contention Two is Framing

Our argument is a question of visibility and the ways in which we understand manifestations of violence – even if they can produce a causal relationship, our argument is that focuses on the magnitude of conflict erases gender violence from the calculative effect of war

Carol A. Stabile is an Associate Professor in the Department of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and Carrie Rentschler is an Assistant Professor of Communication Studies in the Department of Art History and Communication Studies at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec 2005

 Carol A. Stabile and Carrie Rentschler. "States of Insecurity and the Gendered Politics of Fear." NWSA Journal 17, no. 3 (2005): vii-xxv. https://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed August 30, 2018).
This special issue
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the same critical treatment.

Dichotomizing ‘public’ and ‘private’ infinitely defers confronting gender violence. Utilitarian approaches guarantee that political and economic expediency will always silence victims.

Cynthia ENLOE ‘4

, Professor of Political Science at Clark University The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women In a New Age of Empire, 2004, p. 73-74
One of the most potent
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think to add “lesbian”).

Linear conflict predictions are impossible.

Hendrick 9

 — (Diane Hendrick, Researcher @ Department of Peace Studies in the University of Bradford, specialist @ Centre for Conflict Resolution, “Complexity Theory and Conflict Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications,” Working Paper 17, June 2009, p. 10-11, https://www.beyondintractability.org/bi_affiliated_projects/dsap/publications/complexity-theory-transformation-hendrick.pdf)
International Relations∂ In international relations
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solutions to policy problems.”